Costs and benefits of head up displays - An attention perspective and a meta analysis

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Fadden ◽  
Christopher Wickens ◽  
Patricia Ververs
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Costs And Benefits

Costs and Benefits of Head up Displays: An Attention Perspective and a Meta Analysis

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Fadden ◽  
Christopher D. Wickens ◽  
Patricia Ververs
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Costs And Benefits

scholarly journals The costs and benefits of paternal care in fish: a meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1935) ◽  
pp. 20201759
Author(s):  
Rebecca L. Goldberg ◽  
Philip A. Downing ◽  
Ashleigh S. Griffin ◽  
Jonathan P. Green
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Paternal Care ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Offspring Survival ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Male Condition ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Male Care

Male-only parental care, while rare in most animals, is a widespread strategy within teleost fish. The costs and benefits to males of acting as sole carer are highly variable among fish species making it challenging to determine the selective pressures driving the evolution of male-only care to such a high prevalence. We conducted a phylogenetic meta-analysis to examine the costs and benefits of paternal care across fish species. We found no evidence that providing care negatively affects male condition. In contrast with other taxa, we also found limited evidence that male care has evolved as a strategy to improve offspring survival. Instead, we found that males already caring for a brood are preferred by females and that this preference is strongest in those species in which males work harder to care for larger broods. Thus, in fish, investment in offspring care does not constrain a male's mating success but rather augments it, suggesting that the relatively high prevalence of male-only care in fish may be in part explained by sexual selection through female preference for caring males.

Family-based Prevention of Offending: A Meta-analysis

2003 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P Farrington ◽  
Brandon C Welsh
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Child Behaviour ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Weighted Mean ◽  
The Family ◽  
Term Evaluation ◽  
Family Based

This paper presents a review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of family-based crime prevention programs.Programs were included in this review if (a)the family was the focus of the intervention,(b)there was an outcome measure of delinquency or antisocial child behaviour, (c)the evaluation used a randomised or well controlled experiment and (d)the original sample size was at least 50 persons.Forty evaluations were found that met the criteria for inclusion.In general,these family- based programs had desirable effects in reducing delinquency (especially) and antisocial child behaviour.Over all delinquency outcomes,the weighted mean effect size of .321 corresponds approximately to a decrease in offending from 50%in a control group to 34%in an experi- mental group.Furthermore,the effects on delinquency persisted in long- term evaluation studies.The most effective types of programs used behavioural parent training,while the least effective types were those based in schools.Home visiting,day care/preschool,home/community and multi-systematic therapy programs were generally effective.Effect sizes were greater in smaller scale studies.Research on the monetary costs and benefits of family-based programs is also reviewed.

scholarly journals The Benefits of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for Southern Africa: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 9222
Author(s):  
Obianuju P. Ilo ◽  
Mulala D. Simatele ◽  
S’phumelele L. Nkomo ◽  
Ntandoyenkosi M. Mkhize ◽  
Nagendra G. Prabhu
Keyword(s):  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Rapid Appraisal ◽  
Development Goals

Globally, water hyacinth is a known invasive species that predominantly threatens the pillars of sustainability. The cost of controlling these invasive plants is high and many Southern African countries are barely equipped for this liability as the process has to be performed over time. Despite this challenge, there is valuable resource recovery from water hyacinth which can be used to make financial and environmental returns. The visible differences between the control and utilisation methods lie in the definition, recognition, and matching of costs and benefits. Using a rapid appraisal of existing literature, which was analysed using meta-analysis, the current paper is an attempt to discuss the beneficial use of water hyacinth. It is argued in the paper that the economic feasibility of control methods which, on one hand, are used to calculate the economic value of water hyacinth, mainly relies on assumptions whose reliability and sustainability are questionable, thus implying limitations on using this kind of control methods. On the other hand, the costs and benefits of utilising water hyacinth can be quantifiable, making them susceptible to changes associated with time value and sensitivity analysis of possible fluctuations in cashflows. In the context of these annotations, other scholars have argued for the consideration of other utilisation alternatives, among which is included biogas which has been identified as the most viable option because of its potential in diversifying the energy mix, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and contributing to improved water quality. Given these observations, this paper aims to contribute to policy and research discussions on the fiscal understandings of the material recovery from water hyacinth to promote the adoption of biogas technology. These views are discussed within the broader discourse of the sustainable development goals (SDGs).

Diet and energetic constraints of an earthworm specialist, the Mesa Central Blotched Garter Snake (Thamnophis scaliger)

2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (12) ◽  
pp. 1178-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Reguera ◽  
X. Santos ◽  
M. Feriche ◽  
E. Mociño-Deloya ◽  
K. Setser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Foraging Ecology ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
High Water ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Optimal Diet ◽  
Energetic Constraints ◽  
Specialist Species

Optimal diet theory predicts that predators optimize energy intake by balancing costs and benefits of foraging. One extreme strategy of snake foraging ecology is shown by specialist species that forage on low-energy prey, such as Thamnophis scaliger (Jan, 1863) which feeds almost exclusively on earthworms. Compared with other prey types such as small mammals, lizards, or arthropods, earthworms are low-energy prey because of their small size and high water content. Given the importance of energy acquisition for fueling snake reproduction, we expect that a low-energy dietary specialist such as T. scaliger needs to forage frequently to store enough fat to reproduce. The high frequency of snakes containing prey, the presence of multiple earthworms in snakes, and the fact that females continue to feed when gravid suggest that T. scaliger is a voracious consumer of earthworms. Despite these foraging behaviours, females did not reproduce in sequential years, suggesting constraints in energy input to reproduce more frequently. A meta-analysis of the diet, body size, and reproductive frequency of some species of the genus Thamnophis Fitzinger, 1843 confirms that consumption of invertebrate prey is associated with small snake size, but not with biennial reproductive frequency within the genus.

scholarly journals Regulatory Effectiveness of Social Support

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine S. Zee ◽  
Niall Bolger ◽  
E. Tory Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Perceived Responsiveness ◽  
Speech Performance

Receiving social support can entail both costs and benefits for recipients. Thus, theories of effective support have proposed that support should address recipients’ needs in order to be beneficial. This paper proposes the importance of support that addresses recipients’ self-regulatory needs. We present a novel construct—Regulatory Effectiveness of Support(RES)—which posits that support that addresses recipients’ needs to understand their situation (truth) and to feel capable of managing their situation (control) will engender support benefits. We hypothesized that receiving support higher on RES would predict beneficial support outcomes. We further hypothesized that these effects would be especially pronounced for self-regulation relevant outcomes, such as better mood and increased motivation, which, in turn, can be important for successful self-regulation. We established the construct validity of RES and then investigated its effects in daily life and in laboratory support discussions. In eight studies and a meta-analysis pooling across studies, results showed that RES predicted self-regulation relevant support outcomes, and these effects of RES were stronger than the effects of perceived responsiveness, a construct that is known to enhance interpersonal relationships. Furthermore, RES was linked to self-regulatory success: Participants who received support higher on RES were more motivated to perform well on a stressful speech, which subsequently predicted better speech performance. These findings enhance knowledge of effective social support by underscoring the importance of addressing recipients’ self-regulatory needs in the support process.

scholarly journals A Meta Analysis on Farm-Level Costs and Benefits of GM Crops

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 743-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Finger ◽  
Nadja El Benni ◽  
Timo Kaphengst ◽  
Clive Evans ◽  
Sophie Herbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Gm Crops ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Farm Level ◽  
On Farm
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document