scholarly journals ROOFTOP RAINWATER HARVESTING: ALLEVIATING WATER SHORTAGES AT THE HOUSEHOLD LEVEL

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
IBRAHIM ALAMEDDINE ◽  
AMANI MAJZOUB ◽  
MAJDI ABOU NAJM ◽  
MUTASEM EL-FADEL
Keyword(s):  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting

scholarly journals Revealing the Challenges of Smart Rainwater Harvesting for Integrated and Digital Resilience of Urban Water Infrastructure

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 1902
Author(s):  
Martin Oberascher ◽  
Aun Dastgir ◽  
Jiada Li ◽  
Sina Hesarkazzazi ◽  
Mohsen Hajibabaei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Coupled Systems ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
System Failures ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Performance Improvements ◽  
Smart Water

Smart rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems can automatically release stormwater prior to rainfall events to increase detention capacity on a household level. However, impacts and benefits of a widespread implementation of these systems are often unknown. This works aims to investigate the effect of a large-scale implementation of smart RWH systems on urban resilience by hypothetically retrofitting an Alpine municipality with smart rain barrels. Smart RWH systems represent dynamic systems, and therefore, the interaction between the coupled systems RWH units, an urban drainage network (UDN) and digital infrastructure is critical for evaluating resilience against system failures. In particular, digital parameters (e.g., accuracy of weather forecasts, or reliability of data communication) can differ from an ideal performance. Therefore, different digital parameters are varied to determine the range of uncertainties associated with smart RWH systems. As the results demonstrate, smart RWH systems can further increase integrated system resilience but require a coordinated integration into the overall system. Additionally, sufficient consideration of digital uncertainties is of great importance for smart water systems, as uncertainties can reduce/eliminate gained performance improvements. Moreover, a long-term simulation should be applied to investigate resilience with digital applications to reduce dependence on boundary conditions and rainfall patterns.

scholarly journals Optimal Sizing of Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Tanks for Sustainable Domestic Water Use in the West Bank, Palestine

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 573
Author(s):  
Sameer Shadeed ◽  
Sandy Alawna
Keyword(s):  
Storage Tank ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
West Bank ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Optimal Size ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
The West ◽  
Average Family ◽  
Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting

In highly water-poor areas, rooftop rainwater harvesting (RRWH) can be used for a self-sustaining and self-reliant domestic water supply. The designing of an optimal RRWH storage tank is a key parameter to implement a reliable RRWH system. In this study, the optimal size of RRWH storage tanks in the different West Bank governorates was estimated based on monthly (all governorates) and daily (i.e., Nablus) inflow (RRWH) and outflow (domestic water demand, DWD) data. In the estimation of RRWH, five rooftop areas varying between 100 m2 and 300 m2 were selected. Moreover, the reliability of the adopting RRWH system in the different West Bank governorates was tested. Two-time series scenarios were assumed: Scenario 1, S1 (12 months, annual) and scenario 2, S2 (8 months, rainy). As a result, reliable curves for preliminary estimation of optimal RRWH storage tanks for the different West Bank governorates were obtained. Results show that the required storage tank for S1 (annual) is more than that of the S2 (rainy) one. The required storage tank to fulfill DWD is based on the average rooftop area of 150 m2, the average family members of 4.8, and the average DWD of 90 L per capita per day (L/c/d) varies between (75 m3 to 136 m3) and (24 m3 to 84 m3) for S2 for the different West Bank governorates. Further, it is found that the optimal RRWH tank size for the 150 m2 rooftop ranges between 20 m3 (in Jericho) to 75 m3 (in Salfit and Nablus) and between 20 m3 (in Jericho) to 51 m3 (in Jerusalem) for S1 and S2 scenarios, respectively. Finally, results show that the implementation of an RRWH system for a rooftop area of 150 m2 and family members of 4.8 is reliable for all of the West Bank governorates except Jericho. Whereas, the reliability doesn’t exceed 19% for the two scenarios. However, the reduction of DWDv is highly affecting the reliability of adopting RRWH systems in Jericho (the least rainfall governorate). For instance, a family DWDv of 3.2 m3/month (25% of the average family DWDv in the West Bank) will increase the reliability at a rooftop area of 150 m2 to 51% and 76% for S1 and S2, respectively.

In-situ treatment of fluoride in a hard rock setting by rooftop rainwater harvesting recharge scehme

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.R Pujari ◽  
C. Padmakar ◽  
R. Quamar ◽  
L. Deshpande ◽  
R. Janipella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hard Rock ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting

Water management problems and solutions in a residential community of Al-Mafraq city, Jordan

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 1371-1380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naji K. Al-Mefleh ◽  
Saad M. AlAyyash ◽  
Fatima A. Bani Khaled
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Management Problems ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
The Government

Abstract This study aims to investigate existing water management problems and potential solutions in the Al-Mafraq Governorate of Jordan, and to examine public awareness of water demand management at the household level. A questionnaire survey captured residents' perceptions of water quantity and quality. Results showed that 71% of respondents find the water pumped from the public system to be insufficient, and 40.9% find that water laws and regulations are implemented ineffectively. The study also showed that 85% of respondents are dependent upon groundwater wells, and 42.5% of respondents have suffered water contamination. Water quality is degraded due to pollution caused by solid waste and liquids, and salinity is increased due to the over-pumping and depletion of groundwater resources. The study recommends that the government incentivize residents to harvest water to deal with water shortages, religious motivations be explored in water conservation efforts, and water authorities should repair or replace old pipelines.

Sustainability evaluation of a primary school rainwater demonstration project in Tanzania

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tulinave Burton Mwamila ◽  
Moo Young Han ◽  
Soyoon Kum
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Level Gauge ◽  
System Management ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Sustainability Evaluation ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Corporate Social

Water shortages are widely prevalent in developing countries, affecting lives of people including schoolchildren, who miss classes while fetching water for daily use. A typical case was that of Mnyundo Primary School in Tanzania, East Africa. A rainwater harvesting (RWH) system was then constructed because of easy adaptability of the technology. The purpose of this study is sustainability evaluation. The evaluation considered construction details, level of water supply service, potential for sustainability and replication. Coarse screen, first flush tank, and sedimentation tank were included for maintaining drinkable water quality through particle load reduction. The water level gauge incorporated enables easy monitoring of water usage, while the provided training and operational manual are a practical guide on system management for the users. Local labor, material and techniques used, are recommended for capacity building, sense of ownership, and cost reduction. Companies’ involvement is encouraged by providing financial support to the schools as their corporate social responsibility. RWH is thus suggested as a sustainable alternative for drinking water supply.

scholarly journals Water quality management for domestic rainwater harvesting systems in Fiji

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Kohlitz ◽  
M. D. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Management ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Limited Government ◽  
Qualitative Research Design ◽  
Harvesting Systems

Health risks from drinking rainwater are relatively small in the developing world context, but action is needed to ensure water safety. Water safety plans (WSPs) use an approach to manage water quality that has shown signs of success with public and communal water supplies, but relatively little research has been done to investigate the application of WSPs to self-supply systems. The aim of this paper is to investigate the primary issues surrounding appropriate water quality management of domestic rainwater harvesting (DRWH) systems in Fiji and consider how the principles of WSPs can be applied in this context. A qualitative research design was followed, utilising semi-structured interviews with 34 rural households and six key informants, sanitary inspections of DRWH systems and thematic data analysis. A number of challenges, including limited government resources and the limited knowledge and casual attitudes of rural rainwater consumers, constrain the practicality of adopting conventional WSPs at the household level, but steps for improvement can be taken.

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