scholarly journals NATURE-BASED WATER TREATMENT SOLUTIONS AND THEIR SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION IN KATHMANDU VALLEY, NEPAL

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZUZANA BOUKALOVÁ ◽  
JAN TÌŠITEL ◽  
BINOD DAS GURUNG
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Successful Implementation

scholarly journals Risk of diarrhoea from shallow groundwater contaminated with enteropathogens in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadhana Shrestha ◽  
Eiji Haramoto ◽  
Rabin Malla ◽  
Kei Nishida
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocyst ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Giardia Cyst ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Total Risk ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Tube Wells ◽  
Increased Risk

Shallow groundwater is the main water source among many alternatives in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, which has a rapidly growing population and intermittent piped water supply. Although human pathogens are detected in groundwater, its health effects are unclear. We estimated risk of diarrhoea from shallow groundwater use using quantitative microbial risk assessment. Escherichia coli, Giardia cyst and Cryptosporidium oocyst levels were analysed in dug and tube wells samples. E. coli concentrations were converted to those of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). Risks from EPEC in dug wells and from Cryptosporidium and Giardia in both dug and tube wells were higher than the acceptable limit (<10−4 infections/person-year) for both drinking and bathing exposures. Risk from protozoan enteropathogens increased the total risk 10,000 times, indicating that ignoring protozoans could lead to serious risk underestimation. Bathing exposure considerably increased risk, indicating that it is an important pathway. Point-of-use (POU) water treatment decreased the risk six-fold and decreased risk overestimation. Because removal efficiency of POU water treatment has the largest impact on total risk, increasing the coverage and efficiency of POU water treatment could be a practical risk management strategy in the Kathmandu Valley and similar settings.

Advanced membrane technology for application to water treatment

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 91-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasumoto Magara ◽  
Shoichi Kunikane ◽  
Masaki Itoh
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Membrane Technology ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Further Development ◽  
By Products

Following the successful implementation of the ‘MAC21’ Project, the ‘New MAC21’ Project is being implemented for further development of membrane technology in Japan. The project includes various pilot-scale and laboratory experiments on 1) nanofiltration system, and 2) MF/UF system combined with advanced treatment processes such as activated carbon treatment, ozonation and biological treatment. As the result, it has been shown that both systems are applicable to drinking water treatment. Although a NF system was very effective for the removal of organic contaminants such as precursors of disinfection by-products, it is considered that the development of a proper treatment method for the concentrate will be very important in the future.

Cost difference of buildings in Kathmandu constructed with and without earthquake safer features

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 444-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jishnu Subedi ◽  
Ram Mani Ghimire ◽  
Ram Prasad Neupane ◽  
Sweta Amatya
Keyword(s):  
Research Output ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Conventional Approach ◽  
Cost Comparison ◽  
Building Code ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Code Enforcement

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate increase in the cost of reinforced concrete buildings in Kathmandu valley constructed using earthquake safer features in comparison with that of buildings constructed using conventional approach without earthquake safety features. Design/methodology/approach Five buildings constructed using earthquake safer features and five buildings constructed without using these features are selected. A cost comparison of both types of buildings is done, and the total cost is also compared for structural, nonstructural and service components in the buildings. Findings The cost analysis of buildings constructed in Kathmandu valley shows that there is 10 per cent increase in cost for earthquake safer construction in comparison to construction using conventional approach. This increase in cost can be a deterrent factor for house owners to switch to safer construction practices which ultimately leads to lack of compliance from house owners. A successful implementation of building code in a country like Nepal, where most of the buildings are constructed from informal sector, requires compliance of the code from all stakeholders. Awareness raising can be a deciding factor for success in building code enforcement. Research limitations/implications The study is done for only two types of constructions prevalent in Kathmandu: one using simplified codal method and another using conventional method. Only five samples of each types are taken into consideration. The building sample, however, is typical and representative of the two types of the construction practice. Practical implications The information from this study will be useful for making policy decisions for enforcement of building codes and also for assessment of economic loss in future earthquakes. Social implications This research output will help to redesign building code enforcement projects in Nepal and other countries in the region with similar issues. Originality/value The building samples, analysis and output are original contribution of authors, and it contributes to fulfill the gap for such study.

Some applications of electron beam microanalysis techniques in VLSI process evaluation

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 160-161
Author(s):  
Simon Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Process Evaluation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Analysis Of Failures ◽  
Characterization Of Materials ◽  
Circuits Vlsi

Trends in the technology development of very large scale integrated circuits (VLSI) have been in the direction of higher density of components with smaller dimensions. The scaling down of device dimensions has been not only laterally but also in depth. Such efforts in miniaturization bring with them new developments in materials and processing. Successful implementation of these efforts is, to a large extent, dependent on the proper understanding of the material properties, process technologies and reliability issues, through adequate analytical studies. The analytical instrumentation technology has, fortunately, kept pace with the basic requirements of devices with lateral dimensions in the micron/ submicron range and depths of the order of nonometers. Often, newer analytical techniques have emerged or the more conventional techniques have been adapted to meet the more stringent requirements. As such, a variety of analytical techniques are available today to aid an analyst in the efforts of VLSI process evaluation. Generally such analytical efforts are divided into the characterization of materials, evaluation of processing steps and the analysis of failures.

Moving From Interprofessional Education Toward Interprofessional Practice: Bridging the Translation Gap

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 971-976
Author(s):  
Imran Musaji ◽  
Trisha Self ◽  
Karissa Marble-Flint ◽  
Ashwini Kanade
Keyword(s):  
Interprofessional Education ◽  
Interprofessional Collaboration ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Implementation Strategies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Interprofessional Practice ◽  
Translational Model ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Clear Identification

Purpose The purpose of this article was to propose the use of a translational model as a tool for identifying limitations of current interprofessional education (IPE) research. Translational models allow researchers to clearly define next-step research needed to translate IPE to interprofessional practice (IPP). Method Key principles, goals, and limitations of current IPE research are reviewed. A popular IPE evaluation model is examined through the lens of implementation research. The authors propose a new translational model that more clearly illustrates translational gaps that can be used to direct future research. Next steps for translating IPE to IPP are discussed. Conclusion Comprehensive reviews of the literature show that the implementation strategies adopted to date have fostered improved buy-in from key stakeholders, as evidenced by improved attitudes and perceptions toward interprofessional collaboration/practice. However, there is little evidence regarding successful implementation outcomes, such as changed clinician behaviors, changed organizational practices, or improved patient outcomes. The authors propose the use of an IPE to IPP translational model to facilitate clear identification of research gaps and to better identify future research targets.

A Qualitative Examination of User Perceptions of User-Driven and App-Controlled Hearing Technologies

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 993-1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gitte Keidser ◽  
Nicole Matthews ◽  
Elizabeth Convery
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Semistructured Interview ◽  
User Perceptions ◽  
Template Analysis ◽  
Training And Support ◽  
And Training

Purpose The aim of this study was to examine how hearing aid candidates perceive user-driven and app-controlled hearing aids and the effect these concepts have on traditional hearing health care delivery. Method Eleven adults (3 women, 8 men), recruited among 60 participants who had completed a research study evaluating an app-controlled, self-fitting hearing aid for 12 weeks, participated in a semistructured interview. Participants were over 55 years of age and had varied experience with hearing aids and smartphones. A template analysis was applied to data. Results Five themes emerged from the interviews: (a) prerequisites to the successful implementation of user-driven and app-controlled technologies, (b) benefits and advantages of user-driven and app-controlled technologies, (c) barriers to the acceptance and use of user-driven and app-controlled technologies, (d) beliefs that age is a significant factor in how well people will adopt new technology, and (e) consequences that flow from the adoption of user-driven and app-controlled technologies. Specifically, suggested benefits of the technology included fostering empowerment and providing cheaper and more discrete options, while challenges included lack of technological self-efficacy among older adults. Training and support were emphasized as necessary for successful adaptation and were suggested to be a focus of audiologic services in the future. Conclusion User perceptions of user-driven and app-controlled hearing technologies challenge the audiologic profession to provide adequate support and training for use of the technology and manufacturers to make the technology more accessible to older people.

Success Strategies: Implementing the Professional Performance Review Process for School-Based Speech-Language Pathologists

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-9
Author(s):  
Jill Parmenter ◽  
Sheryl Amaral ◽  
Julia Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Review Process ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Self Advocacy ◽  
Professional Performance ◽  
Performance Review ◽  
Roles And Responsibilities ◽  
Speech Language Pathologist ◽  
School Based ◽  
Review Management

Abstract The Professional Performance Review Process for School-Based Speech-Language Pathologists (PPRP) (ASHA, 2006) was developed in response to the need for a performance review tool that fits school district requirements for performance review management while addressing the specific roles and responsibilities of a school-based speech-language pathologist (ASHA, 2006). This article will examine the purpose and components of the PPRP. A description of its use as a tool for self-advocacy will be discussed. Strategies for successful implementation of the PPRP will be explained using insight from speech-language pathologists and other professionals familiar with the PPRP.

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