Assessing the living standards of the population of Russia's regions based on a cluster analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 810-828
Author(s):  
Tat'yana I. GULYAEVA ◽  
Elena V. TAKMAKOVA
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Consumer Expenditure ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Monetary Income

Subject. We consider the distribution of Russian regions by the standard of living of the population. Objectives. The study aims at clustering the subjects of the Russian Federation by standard of living indicator, and describing the specifics of the clusters. Methods. We apply the cluster analysis with the help of the STATISTICA 12 software package. The clustering of Russian regions by selected indicator of living standards rests on the k-means clustering method. Results. The study identifies five clusters of regions, i.e. those with low, below-average, medium, above-average, and high living standards. The clustering is based on certain indicators of living standards, like per capita monetary income, nominal average monthly wage, average size of pension awarded, minimum wage, life expectancy at birth, the Gini coefficient, consumption expenditure per household member on average, the share of expenditures on food in the structure of consumer expenditure, and others. Conclusions. Based on the cluster analysis of living standards of Russian regions, we identify five clusters, to which it is appropriate to apply a differentiated State policy for regulating the household income.

Are Low Income Countries Catching up or Falling Further Behind? Evidence from Income and Demographic Indicators

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-119
Author(s):  
N. Kakwani ◽  
K. Subbarao
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Demographic Indicators ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita

The main objective of this paper is to measure changes in living conditions in one hundred and ten countries of the World during the period 1961 to 1990. Our concern is whether the economic and social gap is narrowing or widening. We also examine in which countries has there been a consistent improvement in average living standards. The standard of living is measured in terms of (a) per capita income, (b) life expectancy at birth and (c) infant mortality rate. The justification of these indicators is provided in terms of functionings and capabilities.

scholarly journals Income loss among the self-employed: implications for individual wellbeing and pandemic policy measures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Schneck
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Household Income ◽  
The Self ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Minimum Level ◽  
Income Loss ◽  
Policy Measures

AbstractDue to the pandemic-induced economic crisis, self-employed individuals are currently suffering considerable income losses. The self-employed and the members in their households usually form an economic unit. As a consequence, the income cuts not only affect the self-employed themselves but also the rest of their household. We used the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) to calculate how much income the self-employed are able to sacrifice to achieve a subjective barely sufficient household income, which we interpret as the minimum level to maintain the standard of living. Our results suggest that full-time self-employed are typically the bread-earners in their households and that, as a consequence, even moderate income losses of the self-employed often lead to problems in maintaining the living standards of their households. Conditional on individual and household characteristics, the self-employed with employees are found to live in households that are less resilient to income losses. Furthermore, a negative correlation between falling short of the barely adequate household income and wellbeing was discovered. Self-employed in households with less than adequate incomes also reported higher concerns about social cohesion. These results have implications for policy - especially in light of the economic crisis induced by the pandemic.

scholarly journals Measuring Regional Differences in Living Standards in Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 48-57
Author(s):  
V. S. Elakhovsky
Keyword(s):  
Regional Differences ◽  
Regional Analysis ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Per Capita

The article reflects some of the results of the author’s research on improving the accuracy of statistical assessments of inter-regional differences in the standard of living of the Russian population. Regional differences that have taken place over the past 15 years in the Russian Federation are measured using important indicators of living standards such as average per capita monetary income and final consumption per capita. The author states that the inter-regional differences in the period under review, although present, were quite small and relatively stable over time. Treatment of the results from international comparisons conducted under the auspices of the OECD and according to the author’s calculations related to a set of Russian regions confirms the presence of the Balassa-Samuelson effect. The adjustment of indicators under review to the territorial price index is carried out, as a result of which the level of differentiation of regions becomes noticeably lower, in full accordance with this effect. At the same time, the order of regions in the series ranked by cost of living indicators changes slightly, which leads to the conclusion that the reduction of differentiation by taking into account inter-regional differences in the price level is mainly due to the compression of the range of changes in the monetary indicators of living standards. To check the adequacy of the obtained conclusions, a comparative inter-regional analysis was carried out using some indicators that reflect the standard of living, such as per capita consumption of meat and meat products, housing security, and average life expectancy at birth. To obtain a comparative benchmark for the same set of differentiation measures, differences in living standards are measured for the aggregate of countries in the world as a whole and the aggregate of EU countries in particular. According to the author, the comprehensive use of methods and techniques for inter-regional statistical analysis of the well-being of the population confirms a positive trend in the implementation of one of the directions of current Russian socio-economic policy.

scholarly journals Problems of low living standards of population in rural areas of Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (4) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Vladimir Victorovich Kurchenkov ◽  
Daria Aleksandrovna Koneva
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
The State ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Volgograd Region ◽  
The Russian Federation

The article gives an assessment of reducing the living standard of the population in rural areas of Russia (a case of the Volgograd region). The analysis of the current state of rural areas was carried out and problems and trends of a decreasing standard of living of the population were identified. The dynamics of the urban and rural population of the Volgograd region has been illustrated in accordance with the data of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation. The conclusions are drawn about the depopulation in the rural areas, natural loss, migration outflows, and the change in the category of settlements. There have been systematized the factors influencing the living standards of the population in rural areas in modern conditions, such as: legal, socio-economic, political, technological, etc. With the help of the Ishikawa diagram, the potential causes of the declining standard of living of the rural population are ordered and aggregated, and the most important factors are identified. The effectiveness and efficiency of the state policy aimed at the long term development of rural areas is assessed. It has been noted that the volume of financing the state program Comprehensive development of rural areas for 2020–2025 will amount to about 2.3 trillion rubles, which is 12 times more than funding of the previous program. Lack of activities and insignificant amount of funding aimed at the development of social infrastructure of modern villages, the development of education and health care were identified by the authors. A set of measures to improve the existing policy for the long term development of rural areas in Russia has been substantiated. The necessity of including the problems of the development of Russian villages into the system of national projects in the Russian Federation has been emphasized.

scholarly journals 25 Years of Monitoring Income and Living Standards of the Russian Population

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-23
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav N. Bobkov ◽  
Alevtina A. Gulyugina
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Housing Quality ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Social Standards ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Monetary Income

The article is devoted to understanding the results of 25 years Of monitoring of income and living standards of the population (hereinafter-Monitoring) in post-Soviet Russia. Monitoring began in 1995 in connection with the disorganization of the economy in the early 90's of the last century and the need to respond to the negative consequences of rapid growth in prices and tariffs and changes in consumer consumption, which have a pronounced regional specificity. The objects of Monitoring and its conceptual framework are presented. The article describes the main blocks of its indicators: generalizing, social standards, labour and employment, monetary income, social support, spending and consumption, socioeconomic differentiation, including a total of 79 indicators and indices, and shows the methodological basis for their calculations. The main attention is focused on the analysis of the values and dynamics of qualitative assessment indicators, which are a comparison of statistical primary and analytical values with criteria standards – social standards of current consumption and their monetary equivalent. These include the development of a system of consumer budgets for the population of different levels of material security: the subsistence minimum, the socially acceptable / minimum consumer budget, and consumer budgets of medium and high affluence. The article analyzes the values and dynamics of purchasing power of per capita monetary income, the social structure of the population by the level of material security, and interregional differentiation of income and living standards at key points in the period 1995-2019. The prospects for the development of Monitoring, which the article associated with the continuation of its unifying role in the study of the values and dynamics of indicators of income and standard of living, with profound economic and social differentiation of the population based on social standards, income, housing, quality of employment, etc., as well as testing new indicators to complement social data of the state statistics in the sensitive areas of revenue generation and standard of living, taking into account unstable (precarious) employment, digitalization of the economy, changes in the sources and structure of payments provided by social protection of the population.

scholarly journals Evaluation of disparities in living standards of regions of the Czech Republic

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-414
Author(s):  
Hana Vostrá Vydrová ◽  
Zuzana Novotná
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Environmental Variable ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
The Czech Republic

This paper focuses on regional differences between the regions of the Czech Republic. We will focus on observation of inequalities between indicators of living in different regions of the Czech Republic. The indicators are evaluated at NUTS 3 (regions), using multivariate statistical techniques - factor analysis and cluster analysis. We have identified the twelve indicators of living standards. Base data was reduced using factor analysis on the three emerging factors: 1) basic characteristics, 2) risk groups, 3) environmental variable. Cluster analysis was compiled groups of regions with similar characteristics. Cluster analysis of the breakdown of the county into three clusters based on selected indicators of living standards. They can be described as a group with higher average and lower standard of living. In the first cluster are only two regions (Liberec Region and Karlovy Vary), the third cluster is composed of Prague and the second cluster includes all other regions of the Czech Republic. To verify the evidence of differences between clusters were calculated by multivariate analysis of variance for the various indicators of living standards. An analysis of variance indicates that significant differences between clusters are caused by the standard of living indicators: GDP (regional), the average wage of women, medical equipment, culture entertainment and recreation, higher education, the disabled handicapped and older people. The data were processed in the program STATISTICA 10th.

scholarly journals Statistical Analysis of the Spatial and Functional Localization of Education Subsystems in Russian Regions

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 75-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry A. Endovitsky ◽  
Yury I. Treshchevsky ◽  
Evgeny A. Rudnev
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
School Education ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Virtual Cluster ◽  
Virtual Clusters ◽  
Functional Localization ◽  
Education School ◽  
Weak Points ◽  
The Russian Federation

The paper considers the specifics of the spatial and functional localization of regional education subsystems in the Russian Federation. Such subsystems include pre-school education, school education, secondary vocational education, and higher education. A set of indicators is suggested that can be used to assess the development stage of these subsystems. Cluster analysis made it possible to group the country’s regions according to the parameters of the education system, and determine the major characteristics of these groups (virtual clusters). Development tendencies of the education subsystems in the regions of each virtual cluster from 2010 to 2016 were analysed to identify the strong and the weak points of each group.

scholarly journals Regional Differentiation of the Constituent Entities of the Russian Federation by the Level of Socio-Economic Development

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Zolotareva Olga
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Regional Differentiation ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
State Control ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Territorial Differentiation ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Key Indicators

This article presents the results of a cluster analysis of the regions of the Russian Federation in terms of the main parameters of socio-economic. The major objective of the article is to develop a method for the division of the Russian regions into clusters in order to improve the quality of the policymaking process. The authors studied and analyzed the domestic and foreign (Eurostat) methodology for assessing the socio-economic development of territories. The major results of the study are the determination of the main parameters of territorial differentiation and identification of the key indicators that affect the socio-economic development of Russian regions. The authors have carried out a classification of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation not in terms of territorial location and geographical features, but in terms of the specifics and key parameters of the socio-economic situation into 4 clusters. The results of the cluster analysis allow specifying specific areas, where state control and interference is needed in order to ease the economic and social inequity in Russia and cease social unrest.

scholarly journals The standard of living and its spatial differentation among rural municipalities in Warmia-Masuria province

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Janusz
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Spatial Dispersion ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Development Pattern ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Rural Municipalities ◽  
Level Of Living

This manuscript presents the results of the research on the spatial differentiation of the level of living among the rural municipalities of the Warmia-Masuria Province in the years 2005 and 2018. The rural areas are currently undergoing many changes, including sub-urbanisation processes and a departure from their monofunctional perception. The multi-dimensional analysis (Hellwig’s development pattern method) was used to measure the level of living in selected rural municipalities, which were then assigned to four clusters based on the synthetic measure value. Then, the Ward’s method was employed to identify the similarities in the level of living in these territorial units. The results indicate a significantly higher level of living established based on the synthetic measure value in the municipalities adjacent to the leading urban centres of the region, i.e., Stawiguda, Dywity, Gietrzwałd, Jonkowo, or Giżycko. In turn, the relatively lowest living standards were demonstrated in the municipalities bordering the Russian Federation, i.e., Budry, Górowo Iławeckie, Lelkowo, and Braniewo. Strong spatial dispersion of this phenomenon, combined with the petrification of the positions at the top and at the bottom of the ranking, indicates the need to implement a different development strategy for these specific units.

scholarly journals Clustering of Russian Regions by Level of Debt Sustainability

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 108-124
Author(s):  
Igor Yu. Arlashkin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Sustainability Indicators ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Debt Sustainability ◽  
Current Assessment ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Federation

The subject of the paper is the assessment of regional debt sustainability in accordance to the Budget Code of the Russian Federation. The relevance of the study is due to the aggravation of the regional debt problems at the end of 2020 and the need to have an assessment system that allows to timely respond to a decrease in the level of regional debt sustainability. The novelty of the study consists in the analysis of the system of debt sustainability indicators and their threshold values using the methods of cluster analysis. The article aims to examine if the current assessment system allows to classify regions by the level of debt sustainability quite clearly. As a result of the study, it was shown that the used debt sustainability indicators partially duplicate each other, and the methods of their calculation and the established threshold values discriminate against subsidized regions. In addition, it was shown that the grouping of regions based on the current assessment system does clearly distinguish between regions with high and medium levels of debt sustainability. The conclusion of the study is that in order to improve the system for assessing debt sustainability, it is necessary to change the set of debt sustainability indicators and the procedure for calculating them, as well as to set appropriate new threshold values for the new set of indicators. The prospect of the study is to conduct a similar analysis based on data for 2020 and refine new thresholds for debt sustainability indicators.

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