scholarly journals GHG Emissions Assessment as Part of MSW Green Cluster Design: Case of Large Cities in Russia and Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1165-1178
Author(s):  
Larissa Bozhko ◽  
Natalia Starodubets ◽  
Irina Turgel ◽  
Abdrakham Naizabekov
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Climatic Impact ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Msw Management ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The increasing pressure on the environment and the exhaustion of non-renewable natural resources has led to the emergence of a new type of clusters – green clusters. In green clusters, the purpose of combining entities into a cluster is not only to increase their competitiveness, but also to increase the efficiency of using natural resources and reduce the impact on the environment. Companies of various types of activities get united into green clusters; this article considers green clusters in the field of municipal solid waste (MSW) management. The authors described two green clusters in project in the field of MSW management in two large cities – Yekaterinburg (Russia) and Almaty (Kazakhstan). The main difference between these clusters is the ratio between waste management practices. Further, using the IPCC methodology for calculating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the authors analysed GHG emissions per tonne of MSW in both clusters. The calculations have shown that the green cluster of Yekaterinburg is more stable and efficient – the carbon content of 1 tonne of processed MSW in Yekaterinburg is 22.4 % lower than it is in Almaty (329.5 kg CO2eq/tonne of MSW in Yekaterinburg and 424.1 kg CO2eq/tonne of MSW in Almaty). To reduce the MSW green clusters’ climatic impact, it is necessary to organize a full-fledged separate collection of different types of waste at the household level; to stimulate waste recycling activities; to reduce the use of non-recyclable packaging, including the implementation of extended producer responsibility; to reduce energy utilization, especially at the waste incineration plants; to stimulate the use of organic waste shredders. The practical examples discussed in this article and the conclusions obtained can be useful to decision makers regarding the design and development of green clusters in the field of MSW management in large cities. The study relies on the research data of the project ‘Enhancement of the State Regulation Policy for Intensifying Clusterization of Industrial Regions’ supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

scholarly journals Soil Management Practices to Mitigate Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Inform Emission Factors in Arid Irrigated Specialty Crop Systems

Soil Systems ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Xia Zhu-Barker ◽  
Mark Easter ◽  
Amy Swan ◽  
Mary Carlson ◽  
Lucas Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Specialty Crops ◽  
Specialty Crop ◽  
The Impact

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from arid irrigated agricultural soil in California have been predicted to represent 8% of the state’s total GHG emissions. Although specialty crops compose the majority of the state’s crops in both economic value and land area, the portion of GHG emissions contributed by them is still highly uncertain. Current and emerging soil management practices affect the mitigation of those emissions. Herein, we review the scientific literature on the impact of soil management practices in California specialty crop systems on GHG nitrous oxide emissions. As such studies from most major specialty crop systems in California are limited, we focus on two annual and two perennial crops with the most data from the state: tomato, lettuce, wine grapes and almond. Nitrous oxide emission factors were developed and compared to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emission factors, and state-wide emissions for these four crops were calculated for specific soil management practices. Dependent on crop systems and specific management practices, the emission factors developed in this study were either higher, lower or comparable to IPCC emission factors. Uncertainties caused by low gas sampling frequency in these studies were identified and discussed. These uncertainties can be remediated by robust and standardized estimates of nitrous oxide emissions from changes in soil management practices in California specialty crop systems. Promising practices to reduce nitrous oxide emissions and meet crop production goals, pertinent gaps in knowledge on this topic and limitations of this approach are discussed.

scholarly journals Climate change mitigation and adaptation in agriculture: the case of the olive

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Montanaro ◽  
V. Nuzzo ◽  
C. Xiloyannis ◽  
B. Dichio
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
Climatic Impact ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Change Mitigation

Abstract Agriculture might serve as a mitigation solution through carbon (C) sequestration in soil, in tree biomass and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Increased C is beneficial for some soil structures and functions, improving the use of water and in turn the crop adaptation. This study reports on the synergy between mitigation and adaptation in agriculture through the paradigm of the olive (Olea europaea). Through data on net ecosystem productivity and soil respiration, the role of olive groves to store C in tree biomass (from 0.36 to 2.78 t CO2 ha−1 yr−1) and into soil (∼8.5 t CO2 ha−1 yr−1) is reviewed. The influence of some management practices on that role is also discussed. The overall climatic impact of olive fruit and oil production has been evaluated also considering GHG emissions by field operations (e.g., pruning, mulching of cover crop, fertilization, harvest, etc.) and by the extraction and bottling of oil. Soil C as interface between climate change mitigation and adaptation has been delineated, linking C-induced improvements in soil properties to increased water storage and reduced run-off and erosion. The outcomes may strengthen the environmental role of agriculture and promote synergistic mitigation and adaptation policies assisting in soil and water resources conservation.

scholarly journals Inventario de contaminantes tóxicos, criterios y GEI para la categoría taxi/remís en la ciudad de Tandil, Argentina

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-106
Author(s):  
Lucía Valeria Achaga ◽  
Beatriz Soledad Sosa ◽  
Nicolas Eloy Cisneros
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Mobile Sources ◽  
International Model ◽  
Current State ◽  
Vehicle Category ◽  
The Impact

Conocer el impacto del aire producido por fuentes móviles, sigue siendo un desafío importante. En la mayoría de las ciudades argentinas, se desconoce el estado actual de la calidad del aire. Investigaciones dirigidas a conocer el aporte de contaminantes a partir de fuentes móviles, se han realizado para grandes ciudades, por ejemplo: Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Mendoza, o Rosario. La complejidad del trabajo con diferentes flotas vehiculares (diversidad de tecnologías) y la dificultad en el acceso a la información en suficiente cantidad y calidad, son barreras para el avance de este tipo de estudios diagnósticos en ciudades intermedias o chicas. Este estudio tiene como objetivo principal inventariar y diagnosticar las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), y otros contaminantes (tóxicos y criterio) correspondientes a la categoría vehicular taxi/remis en la ciudad de Tandil, Buenos aires -Argentina, para el año 2016. Como herramienta metodológica se aplica el Modelo Internacional de Emisiones Vehiculares (IVE). El estudio caracteriza la flota y hace estimaciones de emisiones de los contaminantes que representan un problema para la salud por lo tanto afectan a la calidad del aire y pueden tener consecuencias para el cambio climático. En Tandil los taxis/remís generan al año un total de 9.231,99 Tn de CO2eq, mientras que los contaminantes criterio y tóxicos no representan un riesgo para la salud o el ambiente urbano debido al uso de GNC como principal combustible. El inventario es una herramienta fundamental en la gestión de la calidad del aire, este estudio presenta una línea de base para diagnosticar el estado actual de las emisiones y poder reflexionar sobre la tendencia de las mismas a partir del seguimiento en nuevos estudios. Abstract Know the impact of air produced by mobile sources continues to be a big challenge. In most Argentine cities, the current state of air quality is unknown. Investigations aimed at knowing the contribution of pollutants from mobile sources have been carried out for large cities, for example: City of Buenos Aires, Mendoza, or Rosario. The complexity of the work with different vehicle fleets (diversity of technologies) and the difficulty in accessing information in sufficient quantity and quality are barriers to the advancement of this type of diagnostic studies in intermediate or small cities. The main objective of this study is to inventory and diagnose GHG emissions and other pollutants (toxic and criteria) corresponding to the vehicle category taxi / remis in the city of Tandil, Buenos Aires -Argentina, for the year 2016. As a methodological tool, applies the International Model of Vehicle Emissions (IVE). The study characterizes the fleet and makes estimates of emissions of pollutants that represent a health problem and therefore affect air quality and may have consequences for climate change. In Tandil, taxis / remis generate a total of 9,231.99 Tn of CO2eq per year, while criteria and toxic pollutants do not represent a risk to health or the urban environment due to the use of CNG as the main fuel. The inventory is a fundamental tool in the management of air quality, this study presents a baseline to diagnose the current state of emissions and to be able to reflect on their trend from the follow-up in new studies.

Greenhouse gas (GHG) leakage and net mitigation of typical carbon sequestration practices in China’s terrestrial ecosystem

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Lu ◽  
Guo Zhang ◽  
Weiwei Liu ◽  
Bojie Liu ◽  
Hong Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Ecological Restoration ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽  
Carbon Accounting ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
The Impact

<p>Many management practices in cropland, forest and grassland ecosystems can extend forest area, increase carbon input or prevent C loss from vegetation and soil, and subsequently enhance C sinks and stocks. These management practices are considered as promising carbon sequestration measures. However, during implementation of these measures, the production, transportation and consumption of corresponding materials (such as synthetic fertilizers) and fossil fuel, the additional trace GHG emissions, and the processes taking place elsewhere as a result of the implementation activities may lead to GHG budget change other than the carbon stock, and form GHG leakage. Consequently, in order to reveal the true contribution of these practices to global warming mitigation and GHG reduction, full GHG budget need to be considered rather than the impact on soil and vegetation carbon alone. We built the frame of “Carbon Accounting and Net Mitigation (CANM)” and serious of CANM methods to investigate the GHG leakage and net mitigation of typical carbon sequestration practices in China's terrestrial ecosystem, including China’s national ecological restoration projects, and forest, cropland and grassland managements. The results showed large variations in carbon contributions, GHG leakages and their counteraction effects among different practices and ecosystems. The counteraction effects of GHG leakage from forest management and some forest-related ecological restoration projects were relatively small and could hardly exceed 25%. Meanwhile, the GHG leakage of some cropland management practice (e.g., straw return in rice paddies) could fully offset the carbon sequestration in soil. But reduction of synthetic fertilizer application in accordance with the national fertilization recommendations might own considerable net GHG mitigation potential. Grazing prohibition could sequester carbon in grassland ecosystem, but the transfer of grazing activity could offset about half of the carbon sequestration effect. Therefore, policies and technical approaches to minimize GHG leakage are necessary to enhance the GHG mitigation effect of the ecosystem carbon sequestration practices.</p>

The impact of diversifying understory vegetation in oil palm plantations on greenhouse gas emissions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Drewer ◽  
Ribka Sionita ◽  
Pujianto Pujianto ◽  
Stella White ◽  
Sarah Luke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Function ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Understory Vegetation ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Management Options ◽  
The Impact

<p>Tropical oil palm (OP) plantations are major emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs), but there are management options, which may reduce these emissions, including increasing understory biomass. Managing the vegetation within and around plantations could potentially minimise environmental damage and maximise co-benefits such as soil protection, pest control and diversity. Such practices include creating reserves, buffer strips and management of vegetation in the plantations themselves. The impact of these management practices is uncertain, and there is a real need for an evidence-base to guide improvements in the environmental sustainability of OP management.</p><p>The timing for research related to management options is critical for influencing current decision-making. In Indonesia, most OP plantations were established in the late 1980s and early 1990s and due to the 25 – 30-year life cycle of OP plantations, nearly half are due to be clear-cut for replanting in the near-future. Hence, it is vital to understand replanting and restoration options which simultaneously allow for high productivity as well as supporting biodiversity and minimising GHG emissions.</p><p> </p><p>The scope and specific objectives of our study were:</p><ul><li>1) To measure GHG emissions under different understory management techniques (with/without vegetation through use of herbicides).</li> <li>2) To link GHG data to soil data to develop understanding of ecosystem function under different OP plantation management approaches.</li> </ul><p> </p><p>We will present monthly static chamber measurements of GHG emissions for the duration of one year starting October 2018, established on an existing long-term experiment investigating the impact of diversifying understory vegetation on biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and yield in Sumatra, Indonesia (The Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function in Tropical Agriculture Project (BEFTA)). The three different understory management treatments were:</p><ul><li>1) Normal biodiversity complexity: standard industry practice, intermediate level of herbicide use in harvest circles.</li> <li>2) Reduced biodiversity complexity: spraying/removing all understory vegetation with herbicides.</li> <li>3) Enhanced biodiversity complexity: reduced-input management with no herbicide application and limited understory cutting.</li> </ul><p> </p><p>We measured the GHG fluxes of nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O), methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) and soil ecosystem respiration/carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) using static chambers and analysis by gas chromatography (GC-µECD/FID).</p><p>Preliminary results show little difference amongst the different understory treatments in terms of N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes. Fluxes were generally low (0-0.1 µg m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup>) with high variability. However, there is a trend towards slightly higher emissions during the wetter months (Oct-Dec 2018) of up to 0.2 µg m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup>.</p><p>Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) fluxes were generally small and fluctuated around zero. During the wet months, (Oct to Dec 2018) small emission fluxes up to 3 µg m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup> were observed; whereas during the dry months uptake of methane, prevailed. No distinctive differences between the different treatments was observed.</p><p>Due to the age of the plantation and imminent replanting, none of the plots were being fertilised at the time of measurement – greater differences between vegetation treatments may be observed under fertilisation.</p><p>In conclusion, initial results showed that the presence or absence of understorey did not increase soil emissions of N<sub>2</sub>O and CH<sub>4</sub>. This suggests that the within-crop ecological benefits do not result in an increased GHG burden.</p>

scholarly journals METHODOLOGICAL BASES OF STATE ADMINISTRATION OF RECREATION AND TOURISM RESOURCES IN UKRAINE

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2(64)) ◽  
pp. 314-319
Author(s):  
N.I. Khumarova
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Recreational Activities ◽  
State Management ◽  
The Impact

In the article, based on the analysis of the regulatory and legal framework for the treatment of recreational and tourist natural resources, their dispersal and lack of a clear definition concerning the recreational and tourist activity itself are determined. It is determined that the recreational activities development is being constructed, planned and forecasted without taking into account the recreational natural potential, the impact on it subjects of various sectors of the economy and the justification the use of natural resources in an alternative way and alternative areas of activity. It has been brought to the conclusion that the state a s a main expresser of the whole people interests in the economy, ecology and societal spheres, it is must keeping cadastres, passport s of the potential territories, that has rich, unique natural recreational resources and can be used with the greatest national efficiency. State regulation of recreational and tourist resources and the basic principles of the institutional basis for their regulation is grounded. The necessity of forecasting and elaboration of the strategy of development of the spheres of economic management of the national economy has been established taking into account the prospects of using natural resources and distributing them in the spheres of economic activity. The scientific basis of recreational activities development is determined on the basis of the state management optimization using natural recreational and tourist resources, which will prevent cases of unreasonable use of natural recreational and tourist resources and increase the degree of environmental hazards. The improvement of the existing legal and regulatory framework based on the regulation of state regulation by natural recreational and tourist resources is proposed. The variety of ownership forms on them is taken into account in order to determine the priority directions of the national economy development and the motivation of the industries whose activity is related to the recreational sphere.

scholarly journals Potentials for future reductions of global GHG and air pollutant emissions from circular municipal waste management systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Gomez Sanabria ◽  
Gregor Kiesewetter ◽  
Zbigniew Klimont ◽  
Wolfgang Schöpp ◽  
Helmult Haberl
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Msw Management ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Recent trajectories of production and consumption patterns have resulted in massively rising quantities of municipal solid waste (MSW). Building on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, we build two sets of global scenarios until 2050, namely baseline and mitigation scenarios. We assess trajectories of future MSW generation and the impact of MSW management strategies on methane and air pollutant emissions. In 2050, the adoption of mitigation strategies in the sustainability-oriented scenario yields earlier, and major, co-benefits compared to scenarios in which inequalities are reduced but that are focused solely on technical solutions. In 2050, the GHG emissions in the sustainability-oriented scenario amount to 182 Gg CO2eq/yr of CH4, to be released while particulate matter, and air pollutants from open burning of MSW can be virtually eliminated. We demonstrate that the 6.3 target of the SDG 6 can only be achieved through more ambitious sustainability-oriented scenarios that limit MSW generation and improve management.

The Impact of Shariah Governance and Corporate Governance on the Risk Management Practices: Evidence from Local and Foreign Islamic Banks in Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Sabri Embi ◽  
Zurina Shafii
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
T Test ◽  
The Body ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Shariah Governance ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of Shariah governance and corporate governance (CG) on the risk management practices (RMPs) of local Islamic banks and foreign Islamic banks operating in Malaysia. The Shariah governance comprises the Shariah review (SR) and Shariah audit (SA) variables. The study also evaluates the level of RMPs, CG, SR, and SA between these two type of banks. With the aid of SPSS version 20, the items for RMPs, CG, SR, and SA were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). From the PCA, one component or factor was extracted each for the CG, SR, and RMPs while another two factors were extracted for the SA. Primary data was collected using a self-administered survey questionnaire. The questionnaire covers four aspects ; CG, SR, SA, and RMPs. The data received from the 300 usable questionnaires were subjected to correlation and regression analyses as well as an independent t-test. The result of correlation analysis shows that all the four variables have large positive correlations with each other indicating a strong and significant relationship between them. From the regression analysis undertaken, CG, SR, and SA together explained 52.3 percent of the RMPs and CG emerged as the most influential variable that impacts the RMPs. The independent t-test carried out shows that there were significant differences in the CG and SA between the local and foreign Islamic banks. However, there were no significant differences between the two types of the bank in relation to SR and RMPs. The study has contributed to the body of knowledge and is beneficial to academicians, industry players, regulators, and other stakeholders.

THE IMPACT OF UKRAINE'S EXCISE DUTY POLICY ON THE TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES OF THE TOBACCO MARKET

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10) ◽  
pp. 19-33
Author(s):  
Nadiia NOVYTSKA ◽  
◽  
Inna KHLIEBNIKOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Excise Duty ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Transformation Processes

The market of tobacco products in Ukraine is one of the most dynamic and competitive. It develops under the influence of certain factors that cause structural changes, therefore, the aim of the article is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of transformation processes in the market of tobacco and their alternatives in Ukraine and identify the factors that cause them. The high level of tax burden and the proliferation of alternative products with a potentially lower risk to human health, including heating tobacco products and e-cigarettes, are key factors in the market’s transformation process. Their presence leads to an increase in illicit turnover of tobacco products, which accounts for 6.37% of the market, and the gradual replacement of cigarettes with alternative products, which account for 12.95%. The presence on the market of products that are not taxed or taxed at lower rates is one of the reasons for the reduction of excise duty revenues. According to the results of 2019, the planned indicators of revenues were not met by 23.5%. Other reasons for non-fulfillment of excise duty revenues include: declining dynamics of the tobacco products market; reduction in the number of smokers; reorientation of «cheap whites» cigarette flows from Ukraine to neighboring countries; tax avoidance. Prospects for further research are identified, namely the need to develop measures for state regulation and optimization of excise duty taxation of tobacco products and their alternatives, taking into account the risks to public health and increasing demand of illegal products.

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