scholarly journals Antagonistic Effect of Gut Bacteria in the Hybrid Carniolan Honey Bee, Apis Mellifera Carnica, Against Ascosphaera Apis, the Causal Organism of Chalkbrood Disease

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed O. M. Omar ◽  
Adhm M. Moustafa ◽  
Mohammad J. Ansari ◽  
Abdelsalam M. Anwar ◽  
Bassam F. Fahmy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Ascosphaera Apis ◽  
Causal Organism ◽  
Apis Mellifera Carnica

Abstract The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize bacterial strains associated with the gut of the hybrid Carniolan honey bee, Apis mellifera carnica, and to determine their in vitro and in vivo potential against Ascosphaera apis, the causal organism of chalkbrood disease, with the purpose of exploring feasible biological control. Six bacterial strains were isolated from healthy worker honey bees by culture-dependent methods. Six fungal strains (A3, A4, A7, A8, A9, and A15) of A. apis were isolated from larvae suffering from chalkbrood disease on Yeast-Glucose-Starch agar (YGPSA) medium. All bacteria were identified by a combination of morphology, Gram stain, and 16S rRNA sequence analysis, and fungal strains were identified by morphology and 5.8S rRNA. In vitro and in vivo inhibition assays were carried out to determine the ability of bacterial isolates to inhibit A. apis, the causal agent of chalkbrood disease. The analysis of 16S rRNA sequences revealed that four bacterial strains (B2, B4, B10, and B100) belong to Bacillus subtilis species, and two strains (P1 and P5) belong to Pseudomonas fluorescence. Significant differences in antagonistic activity of all bacterial strains were observed. B. subtilis isolate B2 showed the highest antagonistic activity, as measured by the inhibition zone against A. apis, followed by the P1 strain of P. fluorescence. SEM analysis also supports the antagonistic activity of these bacteria against A. apis. This study provides a theoretical basis for biological control of honey bee chalkbrood disease.

scholarly journals Management of Pineapple Disease of Sugarcane through Biological Means

1970 ◽  
pp. 79-83
Author(s):  
MI Talukder ◽  
F Begum ◽  
MMK Azad
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Causal Organism ◽  
Ceratocystis Paradoxa

Trichoderma harzianum was found an effective antagonist to Ceratocystis paradoxa, the causal organism of pineapple disease of sugarcane. It exhibited a strong antagonism against Ceratocystis paradoxa by overgrowing on it, forming lysed zone and inhibiting its growth. In the present investigation Trichoderma harzianum was found as effective as fungicide (Bavistin 50WP- Carbendazim 50WP) in controlling Ceratocystis paradoxa both in in vitro and in vivo condition. Ceratocystis paradoxa failed to grow on Trichoderma harzianum and Bavistin 50WP treated PDA plates. Trichoderma harzianum and Bavistin treated sugarcane setts showed significantly higher germination (20.34 to 26.17% higher) over control. Trichoderma harzianum and Bavistin treated sugarcane setts showed respectively 40.72 and 62.69% higher yield of cane compared to control. Hence Trichoderma harzianum may be used as bio agent and alternative to Bavistin 50WP (a standard sett treating fungicide of sugarcane) in controlling pineapple disease of sugarcane. Key words: Sugarcane, pineapple disease, biological control. DOI = 10.3329/jard.v5i1.1462 J Agric Rural Dev 5(1&2), 79-83, June 2007

scholarly journals The biological control of the grapevine downy mildew disease using Ochrobactrum sp.

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 52-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaoqun Zang ◽  
Qiujun Lin ◽  
Jinhui Xie ◽  
Ying Lin ◽  
Shuyi Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Plasmopara Viticola ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Grapevine Downy Mildew

Grape downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Berl. & De Toni 1888, is a widespread fungal disease that causes serious harm to the grape production. The long-term continuous use of chemical pesticides has caused issues with the resistance, residues and resurgence, as well as creating environmental pollution and the declining quality of the products. A biological control offers a safe and effective method to control diseases. We determined the in vitro antagonistic activity of 303 bacterial strains from infected grapevine leaves, and 12 isolates showed some level of antagonism in a detached leaf assay. Isolate SY286 reduced the disease severity in the detached leaves by 93.18%, and showed good control effects in a field assay. The scanning electron microscopy showed the damaged P. viticola cell walls when the mycelia and sporangia were treated with the fermentation liquor of isolate SY286. Furthermore, it showed an antagonistic activity against Phytophthora capsici, Phytophthora infestans, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum orbiculare, Trichothecium roseum, and Botryosphaeria berengeriana. The isolate was identified as Ochrobactrum sp. combined with its morphological characteristics, physiological and biochemical reactions and 16S rDNA sequence analysis, and it has the potential to control the grapevine downy mildew.

scholarly journals Social communication between microbes colonizing the social honey bee Apis mellifera

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.I. Miller ◽  
C.D. Franklin ◽  
H. R. Mattila ◽  
I.L.G. Newton
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Quorum Sensing ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Native Flora

AbstractThe European honey bee (Apis mellifera) is a charismatic species that plays a critical role in the pollination of agriculturally important crops and native flora. One emerging field of research is that of the host-associated honey bee microbiome: a group of bacterial phylotypes consistently found within the honey bee, which may play critical roles such as protection from pathogens and nutrient acquisition. In other model systems, host-associated microbial communities are known to participate in a form of bacterial communication known as quorum sensing. This type of communication allows bacteria to sense their environment and respond with changes in gene expression, controlling a number of factors including virulence, biofilm formation, and cell motility. Here, we have investigated the production of a specific quorum sensing molecule by honey bee microbes in vivo and in vitro. We specifically focused on the inter-species signaling molecule, autoinducer-2 (AI-2). We identified the production of AI-2 by both the entire community (using honey bee gut homogenates) and by cultured isolates, using a Vibrio harveyi biosensor. By comparing newly emerged and adult bees, we showed this signal is likely coming from the core microbial community. Finally, using honey bee specific bacterial isolates, we identified changes in biofilm production when isolates are exposed to increased levels of exogenous AI-2. Altogether, these data provide multiple lines of evidence for the presence of quorum sensing inside the honey bee host. The effect of AI-2 on biofilm formation by honey bee specific bacteria identifies one potential avenue for quorum sensing to affect host health.Author summaryMicrobial communities associate with every animal on the planet and can have dramatic effects on the health of their host. The honey bee is one such animal, home to a characteristic community of bacteria, which may provide various benefits. Here, we show that these microbes are producing quorum sensing molecules which could support interactions between bacterial members and facilitate host colonization.

scholarly journals Probiotic Properties and Potentiality of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Strains for the Biological Control of Chalkbrood Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 379
Author(s):  
Massimo Iorizzo ◽  
Bruno Testa ◽  
Sonia Ganassi ◽  
Silvia Jane Lombardi ◽  
Mario Ianiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽  
Culture Cell ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Broth Culture ◽  
Probiotic Properties ◽  
Ascosphaera Apis ◽  
Good Surface

Ascosphaera apis is an entomopathogenic fungus that affects honeybees. In stressful conditions, this fungus (due not only to its presence, but also to the combination of other biotic and abiotic stressors) can cause chalkbrood disease. In recent years, there has been increasing attention paid towards the use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the honeybees’ diets to improve their health, productivity and ability to resist infections by pathogenic microorganisms. The screening of 22 strains of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, isolated from the gastrointestinal tracts of honeybees and beebread, led to the selection of five strains possessing high antagonistic activity against A. apis. This study focused on the antifungal activity of these five strains against A. apis DSM 3116 and DSM 3117 using different matrices: cell lysate, broth culture, cell-free supernatant and cell pellet. In addition, some functional properties and the antioxidant activity of the five L. plantarum strains were evaluated. All five strains exhibited high antagonistic activity against A. apis, good surface cellular properties (extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production and biofilm formation) and antioxidant activity. Although preliminary, these results are encouraging, and in future investigations, the effectiveness of these bacteria as probiotics in honeybee nutrition will be tested in vivo in the context of an eco-friendly strategy for the biological control of chalkbrood disease.

scholarly journals Synthesis, characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of thiourea derivatives

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 764-777
Author(s):  
Sumaira Naz ◽  
Muhammad Zahoor ◽  
Muhammad Naveed Umar ◽  
Saad Alghamdi ◽  
Muhammad Umar Khayam Sahibzada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Organosulfur Compounds ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Thiourea Derivatives ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Uv Visible ◽  
Hematological And Biochemical Parameters

AbstractThioureas and their derivatives are organosulfur compounds having applications in numerous fields such as organic synthesis and pharmaceutical industries. Symmetric thiourea derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of various anilines with CS2. The synthesized compounds were characterized using the UV-visible and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic techniques. The compounds were screened for in vitro inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzymes and for their antibacterial and antioxidant potentials. These compounds were fed to Swiss male albino mice to evaluate their toxicological effects and potential to inhibit glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) inhibition. The antibacterial studies revealed that compound 4 was more active against the selected bacterial strains. Compound 1 was more active against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2’-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radicals, AChE, BuChE, and α-glucosidase. Compound 2 was more potent against α-amylase and G6Pase. Toxicity studies showed that compound 4 is safe as it exerted no toxic effect on any of the hematological and biochemical parameters or on liver histology of the experimental animals at any studied dose rate. The synthesized compounds showed promising antibacterial and antioxidant potential and were very active (both in vitro and in vivo) against G6Pase and moderately active against the other selected enzymes used in this study.

scholarly journals Synthesis, Quantification, and Characterization of Fatty Acid Amides from In Vitro and In Vivo Sources

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 2543
Author(s):  
Ruidong Ni ◽  
Suzeeta Bhandari ◽  
Perry R. Mitchell ◽  
Gabriela Suarez ◽  
Neel B. Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Chemical Synthesis ◽  
Acid Amide ◽  
Fatty Acid Amides ◽  
Fatty Acid Amide

Fatty acid amides are a diverse family of underappreciated, biologically occurring lipids. Herein, the methods for the chemical synthesis and subsequent characterization of specific members of the fatty acid amide family are described. The synthetically prepared fatty acid amides and those obtained commercially are used as standards for the characterization and quantification of the fatty acid amides produced by biological systems, a fatty acid amidome. The fatty acid amidomes from mouse N18TG2 cells, sheep choroid plexus cells, Drosophila melanogaster, Bombyx mori, Apis mellifera, and Tribolium castaneum are presented.

scholarly journals N-palmitoyl-D-glucosamine, A Natural Monosaccharide-Based Glycolipid, Inhibits TLR4 and Prevents LPS-Induced Inflammation and Neuropathic Pain in Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Iannotta ◽  
Carmela Belardo ◽  
Maria Consiglia Trotta ◽  
Fabio Arturo Iannotti ◽  
Rosa Maria Vitale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Lipid A ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Critical Function ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key receptors through which infectious and non-infectious challenges act with consequent activation of the inflammatory cascade that plays a critical function in various acute and chronic diseases, behaving as amplification and chronicization factors of the inflammatory response. Previous studies have shown that synthetic analogues of lipid A based on glucosamine with few chains of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids, bind MD-2 and inhibit TLR4 receptors. These synthetic compounds showed antagonistic activity against TLR4 activation in vitro by LPS, but little or no activity in vivo. This study aimed to show the potential use of N-palmitoyl-D-glucosamine (PGA), a bacterial molecule with structural similarity to the lipid A component of LPS, which could be useful for preventing LPS-induced tissue damage or even peripheral neuropathies. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations showed that PGA stably binds MD-2 with a MD-2/(PGA)3 stoichiometry. Treatment with PGA resulted in the following effects: (i) it prevented the NF-kB activation in LPS stimulated RAW264.7 cells; (ii) it decreased LPS-induced keratitis and corneal pro-inflammatory cytokines, whilst increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines; (iii) it normalized LPS-induced miR-20a-5p and miR-106a-5p upregulation and increased miR-27a-3p levels in the inflamed corneas; (iv) it decreased allodynia in peripheral neuropathy induced by oxaliplatin or formalin, but not following spared nerve injury of the sciatic nerve (SNI); (v) it prevented the formalin- or oxaliplatin-induced myelino-axonal degeneration of sciatic nerve. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We report that PGA acts as a TLR4 antagonist and this may be the basis of its potent anti-inflammatory activity. Being unique because of its potency and stability, as compared to other similar congeners, PGA can represent a tool for the optimization of new TLR4 modulating drugs directed against the cytokine storm and the chronization of inflammation.

Ascosphaera apis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. K. Brady
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Ascosphaera Apis ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Leaf Cutting

Abstract A description is provided for Ascosphaera apis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Apis mellifera and Megachile spp. DISEASE: Chalkbrood of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) with a few poorly documented records on leaf cutting bees Megachile spp. (Melville & Dade, 1944) and M. internis (Baker & Torchio, 1968). The spores are ingested by young larvae and germinate in the gut, breaking out of the hind end when larvae are sealed in their cells prior to pupation. If one strain only is present this forms the typical chalkbrood. If both strains are present a layer of grey cysts forms on the surface of the larva. Larvae are most susceptible at 3-4 days old and are then chilled briefly immediately after sealing. Although fatal to the larvae, this rarely destroys a whole colony and individual dead larvae are ejected by the bees. Ascospores persist many years providing periodic trouble in adverse conditions. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe; USA. Until 1968 chalkbrood was considered to be a European disease and it was only in 1971 that it became recognised as of economic importance in USA (Hitchcock & Christensen, 1972). TRANSMISSION: By ascospores within the cells of the comb to young larvae. From hive to hive probably by robber bees. More prevalent in cold, wet summers.

Virulence and Genetic Characterization of Six Baculovirus Strains Isolated From Different Populations of Spodoptera Frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Zanella-Saenz ◽  
Elisabeth A. Herniou ◽  
Jorge E. Ibarra ◽  
Ma.Cristina Del Rincón-Castro ◽  
Ilse Alejandra Huerta-Arredondo
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infection Mechanisms ◽  
Different Populations

Abstract Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797), is a polyphagous, voracious, and economically important agricultural pest. Biological control of FAW is a strategy that must be further explored. This study evaluated six baculovirus strains isolated from infected FAW larvae from Mexico, Argentina, Honduras, and the United States. Five alphabaculoviruses (SfNPV-An2, SfNPV-Arg, SfNPV-Fx, SfNPV-Ho and SfNPV-Sin) and one betabaculovirus (SfGV-RV), were tested against FAW larvae, showing a wide diversity of virulence levels among strains when their estimated LC50s were compared, being SfNPVArg, SfNPV-Ho and SfNPV-Fx more virulent than SfNPV-An 2 , SfNPV-Sin and SfGV-RV. To determine any virulence difference in vitro studies of these isolates, Sf9 cell cultures were used. Interestingly, only ODVs from four of the test SfNPV strains showed infectivity on Sf9 cell cultures, and some differences in virulence were observed. Genomic restriction analyses and partial sequences of lef-8, lef-9 , and polh/granulin genes showed little variability among alphabaculoviruses, both, among them and with previously reported sequences. However, sequences from SfGV-RV were closer to previously reported sequences from the SfGVVG008 strain than the SfGV-Arg and SfGV-VG014 strains. The great difference in the in vivo virulence was not correlated with great similarity among the isolates. The characterization of these six baculoviruses isolates offers the basis for exploring their potential as biological control agents against S. frugiperda, as well the initial studies on their specific infection mechanisms, evolution, and ecology.

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