Full Validation of A New Formula Estimating The Smoking Economic Burden By Morbidity

Introduction: In the Health Economy research context usually researches are assuming that the probability of the morbidity attributable to smoking is equal to the probability of the health spend attributable to smoking. Also is attributed the whole health spend because of active smokers to smoking. To solve this limitation, the authors suggested a new rate to measure the smoking economic burden by morbidity. Objective: To evaluate the feasibility from a new rate to measure the smoking economic burden by morbidity. Methods: Was made a bibliographic research to describe the estimation process from the smoking economic burden by morbidity. Were utilized as theoretical method the analysis and synthesis, the comparative and the systematization. As empiric methods were used the Principle of Multiplication and the bibliographic research. Results: The rate designed solves the limitation identified during the research about the estimation of the smoking economic burden by morbidity. Conclusion: The new rate will provide a better estimation from the smoking economic burden by morbidity. It application will may identify the role of active smokers and passive smokers in the formation of the smoking economic burden. However, it application must be agree to the supposes identified.

Diamondoids and thiadiamondoids generated from hydrothermal pyrolysis of crude oil and TSR experiments

Diamondoid compounds are widely used to reflect thermal maturation of high mature source rocks or oils and oil cracking extents. However, diamondoids and thiadiamondoids were demonstrated to have newly been generated and decomposed in our hydrothermal pyrolysis of crude oil and TSR experiments. Our results show that adamantanes and diamantanes are generated primarily within the maturity range 0.48–2.1% and 1.2–3.0% EasyRo, respectively. Their formation is enhanced and the decomposition of diamantanes obviously lags at elevated temperatures compared with anhydrous experiments. MDI, EAI, DMAI-1, DMDI-2 may serve as reliable maturity proxies at > ca.1.0% EasyRo, and other isomerization indices (TMAI-1, TMAI-2 and DMAI-2) are effective for the highly mature organic matter at EasyRo > 2.0%. The extent of oil cracking (EOC) calculated from the broadly used (3- + 4-) MD method (Dahl et al. in Nature 399:54–56, 1999) is proven to overestimate, especially for highly cracked samples due to the new generation of (3- + 4-) MD. Still, it can be corrected using a new formula at < 3.0% EasyRo. Other diamondoid-related indices (e.g., EAI, DMDI-2, As/Ds, MAs/MDs, DMAs/DMDs, and DMAs/MDs) can also be used to estimate EOC. However, these indices cannot be applied to TSR-altered petroleum. TSR is experimentally confirmed to generate diamantanes and thiaadmantanes at 1.81% EasyRo likely via direct reactions of reduced S species with hydrocarbons and accelerate the decomposition of diamantanes at > 2.62% EasyRo compared with thermal chemical alteration (TCA). More studies are needed to assess specific mechanisms for the formation of thiadiamondoids under natural conditions.

Derivation of Yarn Package Radius Measuring System for Yarn Winding Machines

Decreasing waste materials through recycle has in the recent contributed to sustainable manufacturing in many textile industries for better resource utilization in textile mills. This has been given first priority in manufacturing, processing and finishing operations. Most of the time the yarn manufacturing and proper utilization of this material didn’t give attention in most companies. Especially yarn length variation of packages, weaving beams and copes have very critical impact on those companies which manufacture and utilize yarn products. This variation problem has great impact on their productivity and profitability. This paper describes the application of a new formula in the yarn packaging process and it is accomplished by derivation a new formula that can determine the radius of any package. The formula has integrated the basic characteristics of yarn and fiber including yarn diameter, yarn/ fiber density and mass of the yarn coiled on the cop. Finally we have concluded that package radius is the quadratic function of yarn density and package mass on the cope.

Construction Solutions of Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations using the Analytical and Numerical Methods

In this paper we studied the solution of partial differential equations using numerical methods. The paper includes study of the solving partial differential equations of the type of parabolic, elliptic and hyperbolic, and the method of the net was used for the numerical nods, which represents a case of finite differences. We have two types of solution which are the internal solution and boundary solution. The internal solution is based on the internal nodes of the net. The boundary solution depends on the boundary nodes of the net, in addition to finding the analytical solution of the equations to compare the results. We also discussed solving the problem of Laplace, Poisson, for the importance of these equations in the applied side; Mat lab was used to find the values of tables for the values of border differences. We have derived a new formula for the solution of partial differential equations containing three independent variables.

Effects of Calcium Sulfate Whiskers on the Mechanical Properties and Light Transmittance of PE Greenhouse Films

Calcium sulfate whisker (CSW) is a kind of fiber crystal material with high orientation structure. The major goal of this research is to study the changes of mechanical properties and light transmittance of PE greenhouse film with different proportions of CSW. The experimental results show that the mechanical properties and light transmittance of PE/CSW films are enhanced compared with the pure PE. For PE/2%CSW, it shows a 18.6% increase in tear strength, a 3.1% increase in luminous transmittance and 17.7% increase in haze. The PE/5%CSW demonstrates a 12.8% higher in tensile strength, a 20.5% higher in tear strength, a 23.9% lower in luminous transmittance and a 53.0% higher in haze. This article gives a new formula to strengthen the mechanical properties of PE greenhouse films and finds the direction for the research and development of astigmatic covering film.

Two-Sided Random Matching Markets: Ex-Ante Equivalence of the Deferred Acceptance Procedures

Stable matching in a community consisting of N men and N women is a classical combinatorial problem that has been the subject of intense theoretical and empirical study since its introduction in 1962 in a seminal work by Gale and Shapley. When the input preference profile is generated from a distribution, we study the output distribution of two stable matching procedures: women-proposing-deferred-acceptance and men-proposing-deferred-acceptance. We show that the two procedures are ex-ante equivalent—that is, under certain conditions on the input distribution, their output distributions are identical. In terms of technical contributions, we generalize (to the non-uniform case) an integral formula, due to Knuth and Pittel, which gives the probability that a fixed matching is stable. Using an inclusion-exclusion principle on the set of rotations, we give a new formula that gives the probability that a fixed matching is the women/men-optimal stable matching.

A new formula for predicting movable bed roughness coefficient in the Middle Yangtze River

Computing movable bed roughness plays an important role in the modeling of flood routing and bed deformation, and the magnitude of movable bed roughness is closely associated with complex bedform configurations that change with the sand wave motion. The motion of sand wave is dependent on the incoming flow and sediment conditions and channel boundary. After the operation of the Three Gorges Project, the flow and sediment regime changed remarkably in the Middle Yangtze River (MYR), followed by significant channel adjustments. A dramatic decrease in sediment concentration caused continuous channel degradation and significant variations in cross-sectional profiles of the MYR. These adjustments in the channel boundary influence the motion of sand wave, which can further affect the magnitude of movable bed roughness. A new formula for predicting the movable bed roughness coefficient is developed, which can be expressed by a power function of both Froude number and relative water depth. The proposed formula was first calibrated using 1266 datasets of measurements at five hydrometric stations in the MYR during 2001–2012. A back-calculation process shows that the roughness coefficients calculated by the proposed formula agree well with the observations, with the determination coefficient being equal to 0.88. The proposed formula was further verified using 651 datasets of measurements at these hydrometric stations during 2013–2017. Furthermore, four common roughness formulas selected from the literature were tested for comparison. The results indicate that the calculation accuracy of the proposed formula is significantly higher than that of the previous formulas, and the Manning roughness coefficients predicted by the proposed formula have the errors less than ±30% for 96% of the datasets. Therefore, the new bed roughness predictor proposed in this study can accurately calculate the roughness coefficients straightforwardly without iterative solution and graphical interpolation, and the parameters required in the roughness predictor are easily obtained from the hydrometric observations.

Power law bond price and yield approximation

PurposeThis paper determines a simple transformation that nearly linearizes the bond price formula. The transformed price can be used to derive a highly accurate approximation of the change in a bond price resulting from a change in interest rates.Design/methodology/approachA logarithmic transformation exactly linearizes the price function for a zero coupon bond and a reciprocal transformation exactly linearizes the price function for a perpetuity. A power law transformation combines aspects of both types of transformations and provides a superior approximation of the bond price sensitivity for both short-term and long-term bonds.FindingsIt is demonstrated that the new formula, based on power-law transformation, is a much better approximation than either the traditional duration-convexity approximation and the more recently developed approximations based on logarithmic transformation of the price function.Originality/valueThe new formula will be used by risk managers to perform stress-testing on bond portfolios. The new formula can easily be inverted, making it possible to relate the distribution of prices (which are observable in the market) to the distribution of yields (which are numerical solutions that are not directly observable).

Exact mathematical Formula that connect 6 dimensionless physical constants

In this paper are a new formula for the Planck length ℓpℓ and a new formula for the Avogadro number NA. Also 9 Mathematical formulas that connect dimensionless physical constants. The 6 dimensionless physical constants are the Proton to Electron Mass Ratio μ,the Fine-structure constant α,the ratio Ν1 of electric force to gravitational force between electron and proton,the Avogadro number NA,the Gravitational coupling constant αG for the electron and the gravitational coupling constant αG(p) of proton.

Topological Signatures in Nodal Semimetals through Neutron Scattering

Topological nodal semimetals are known to host a variety of fascinating electronic properties due to the topological protection of the band-touching nodes. Neutron scattering, despite its power in probing elementary excitations, has not been routinely applied to topological semimetals, mainly due to the lack of an explicit connection between the neutron response and the signature of topology. In this work, we theoretically investigate the role that neutron scattering can play to unveil the topological nodal features: a large magnetic neutron response with spectral non-analyticity can be generated solely from the nodal bands. A new formula for the dynamical structure factor for generic topological nodal metals is derived. For Weyl semimetals, we show that the locations of Weyl nodes, the Fermi velocities and the signature of chiral anomaly can all leave hallmark neutron spectral responses. Our work offers a neutron-based avenue towards probing bulk topological materials.