Taped Vocalization as a Reinforcer of Vocal Behavior in a Siamang Gibbon (Symphalangus Syndactylus)

1981 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 995-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maury M. Haraway ◽  
Ernest G. Maples ◽  
Steve Tolson
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Vocal Behavior ◽  
Vocal Response ◽  
Extinction Period ◽  
Typical Pattern ◽  
Vocal Responses ◽  
Symphalangus Syndactylus ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Five Phases

The experiment demonstrated operant control of the vocal behavior of an adult male siamang by using taped vocalizations of wild siamangs as the reinforcer. The procedure consisted of 38 sessions divided into five phases. Baseline (three sessions): taped vocalizations were presented continuously until the subject made two vocal responses, then were terminated entirely. Operant 1 (five sessions): following elicitation of vocal behavior, taped vocalizations were presented contingently on any vocal response by the subject. Operant 2 (nine sessions): a 5-min. elicitation period preceded the onset of the contingency period. Discrimination-extinction (12 sessions): the 5-min. elicitation period was followed by an extinction period in which no taped answering calls were presented. Reconditioning (nine sessions): the procedure was identical to that for Operant 2. During all phases, the session continued until the subject ceased emitting vocal responses. Mean times spent calling for the last three sessions of each phase were: Baseline, 0.0 (min.); Operant 1, 1.60; Operant 2, 6.50; Discrimination-extinction, 3.56; and Reconditioning, 6.71. The results represent the operant control of a prepotent, species-typical pattern of behavior by use of a reinforcing stimulus that is specifically relevant to that behavior.

scholarly journals Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Panca Indera Berbasis Multiple Intelligences Pada Siswa Kelas I Sekolah Dasar

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-118
Author(s):  
Fauziah Azizah Amir
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Intelligences ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Test Validation ◽  
Teaching Materials ◽  
Student Activities ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Five Senses ◽  
Five Phases

The main purpose of this research is to develop the teaching materials of five senses based on multiple intelligences which are valid, and to know the level of effectiveness of the materials teaching the five senses, a multiple intelligences to the observation of students ' activities and the study results test. This research uses research methods Research & Development (R&D). To develop the product, researchers use ADDIE's model of development consisting of five phases: 1. Analysis, 2. Design, 3. Development, 4. Implementation, and 5. Evaluation. The teaching materials are developed in the form of a multiple intelligences-based five senses module which is the subject of a trial is 20 students. The technique of data collection in this study is the students ' intelligences test, validation sheet, observation sheets, student activities, and student study results tests. The data analysis technique used by researchers to test the valid is analyzed quantitatively and to test its effectiveness will be in quantitative analysis. For the analysis quantitatively used descriptive statistics

scholarly journals Testing the maintenance of natural responses to survival-relevant calls in the conservation breeding population of a critically endangered corvid (Corvus hawaiiensis)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne C Sabol ◽  
Alison L Greggor ◽  
Bryce Masuda ◽  
Ronald R Swaisgood
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Communication ◽  
Alarm Call ◽  
Breeding Population ◽  
Vocal Behavior ◽  
Vocal Response ◽  
Human Care ◽  
Territorial Intrusion ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Individual Consistency ◽  
Conservation Breeding

Vocal communication serves an important role in driving animals' social interactions and ultimately their survival. However, natural vocal behavior can erode in human care. Determining if animals in conservation breeding programs exhibit and respond appropriately to species-specific vocalizations is therefore important for ensuring their survival post-release. We tested whether endangered 'alala (Corvus hawaiiensis), which are extinct in nature, have retained their natural responses to survival-relevant vocal calls. We conducted our studies on breeding populations derived from a small number of founding 'alala maintained in human care since their extinction in the wild in 2002. We presented pairs of 'alala with alarm, territorial intrusion, and two types of control playback calls (a non-threatening territorial maintenance call and a novel heterospecific call). 'Alala were significantly more likely to approach the speaker following alarm call playback than other call types, and were more likely to respond to territorial intrusion calls with the same aggressive territorial calls. Males were more likely to make these aggressive calls than females, mirroring their roles in territory defense. We also found individual consistency in the level of vocal behavior response across all call types, indicating that some individuals are more vocal than others. These results are encouraging, showing that 'alala exhibit relevant, species-specific behaviors despite generations under human care. It does illustrate, however, that all individuals do not respond uniformly, so vocal response may be an important factor to consider in determining the release suitability of individuals.

scholarly journals Students’Ability in Reading Comperhension of the Scond Grade at SMP 13 Berau 2018/2019

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarlina Sarlina ◽  
Nurbianta Nurbianta
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Problem Formulation ◽  
Reading Skill ◽  
Reading Test ◽  
School Year ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Five Phases

The problem formulation of this research are: What is the students’ ability in reading comprehension . Design of this research was quasi experimental research, by conducted Pretest-treatments-posttest procedures. While the subject is 27 students of junior high school in the school year 2017/2018. The object the researchis the student’ ability in reading comprehension. To collect the data, the writer uses some tecniques suchas test and document. Data processing in this research is divided into five phases: validity, reability, Scoring the test, ranking  and mean,median and mode then all the data are analyzed quantitavely The result finding of this research was the mean score students' reading test is 77.41, the value of median is 65, and the value of mode is 80.The performance on posttest show that the students’ ability in reading comprehension is outgrowth, the students obtained positive progress in learning reading skill.

Maternal Accommodation in Infant-Directed Speech during Mother's and Twin-Infants' Vocal Interactions

2003 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 481-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsuko Niwano ◽  
Kuniaki Sugai
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vocal Response ◽  
Vocal Responses ◽  
Fraternal Twin ◽  
Maternal Speech ◽  
Vocal Interactions ◽  
Vocal Fundamental Frequency ◽  
At Home

In this study a mother's instinctive accommodations of vocal fundamental frequency (f0) of infant-directed speech to two different infants was explored. Maternal speech directed to individual 3-mo.-old fraternal twin-infants was subjected to acoustic analysis. Natural samples of infant-directed speech were recorded at home. There were differences in the rate of infants' vocal responses. The mother changed her f0 and patterns of intonation contour when she spoke to each infant. When she spoke to the infant whose vocal response was less frequent than the other infant, she used a higher mean f0 and a rising intonation contour more than when she spoke to the other infant. The result suggested that the mother's speech characteristic is not inflexible and that the mother may use a higher f0 and rising contour as a strategy to elicit an infant's less frequent vocal response.

scholarly journals Suffixation influences receivers' behaviour in non-human primates

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1807) ◽  
pp. 20150265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Coye ◽  
Karim Ouattara ◽  
Klaus Zuberbühler ◽  
Alban Lemasson
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Response ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Primate Communication ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Vocal Production ◽  
Vocal Responses ◽  
Cercopithecus Diana ◽  
Cercopithecus Campbelli ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Mixed Species Groups

Compared to humans, non-human primates have very little control over their vocal production. Nonetheless, some primates produce various call combinations, which may partially offset their lack of acoustic flexibility. A relevant example is male Campbell's monkeys ( Cercopithecus campbelli ), which give one call type (‘Krak’) to leopards, while the suffixed version of the same call stem (‘Krak-oo’) is given to unspecific danger. To test whether recipients attend to this suffixation pattern, we carried out a playback experiment in which we broadcast naturally and artificially modified suffixed and unsuffixed ‘Krak’ calls of male Campbell's monkeys to 42 wild groups of Diana monkeys ( Cercopithecus diana diana ). The two species form mixed-species groups and respond to each other's vocalizations. We analysed the vocal response of male and female Diana monkeys and overall found significantly stronger vocal responses to unsuffixed (leopard) than suffixed (unspecific danger) calls. Although the acoustic structure of the ‘Krak’ stem of the calls has some additional effects, subject responses were mainly determined by the presence or the absence of the suffix. This study indicates that suffixation is an evolved function in primate communication in contexts where adaptive responses are particularly important.

The Effects of Certain Drugs on Phonation

1971 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara V. Fishman ◽  
Robert E. McGlone ◽  
Thomas Shipp
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Sensory Deprivation ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Cortical Function ◽  
Laryngeal Mucosa ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Male Subjects

Five young adult male subjects with normal larynxes were recorded as they sustained phonation during one normal and three drug conditions. The vocal tasks included obtaining the total fundamental frequency range, tone-matching ability, and vocal fry production, and were performed by the subject (1) before drugs, (2) following injection of a tranquilizer-narcotic premedication, (3) after topical anesthesia of the larynx, and (4) during a drug-recovery period. Results showed no significant differences between conditions on any of the measures of sustained phonation. It was concluded that neither depressed cortical function nor sensory deprivation of the laryngeal mucosa alters the subject’s phonatory capabilities essential to the performance of the selected vocal tasks.

scholarly journals AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS AND THEIR EFFECT ON RESOURCE USE BY MALE LITTLE BROWN SKINKS, SCINCELLA LATERALIS

2017 ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
Mark Paulissen ◽  
Laura Myers
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Dominant Male ◽  
Aggressive Behaviors ◽  
Observation Chamber ◽  
Behavioral Interactions ◽  
Subordinate Male ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Scincella Lateralis

The aggressive behaviors of adult male Little Brown Skinks, Scincella lateralis, and their effects on access to an important resource (a single retreat) were the subject of a study consisting of 10 laboratory trials in which the behavioral interactions between a pair of individuals was recorded. Analysis of these interactions made it possible to identify a dominant and a subordinate male in each trial; the male with the greater bulk was dominant in 9 of the 10 trials. Aggressive behaviors recorded include lunging, chasing, and biting; the dominant male performed lunging significantly more often than the subordinate male and was the only individual to exhibit chasing. The most common behavior recorded was avoidance which was shown almost exclusively by the subordinate male. Both dominant and subordinate males exhibited tail twitching which we hypothesize to be a sign of agitation. The two males spent significantly more time on opposite sides of the observation chamber than on the same side and almost never occupied the single retreat simultaneously because the subordinate male repeatedly moved to avoid the dominant male. The implications of these results on spacing patterns and resource use of Scincella lateralis in the wild are discussed.

scholarly journals Adult Learner Multilingualism and Contributing and Hindering Factors in Acquiring Languages

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Rahmawati Aprilanita
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Adult Learner ◽  
First Language ◽  
Male Student ◽  
The Subject

This study focuses on multilingualism of adult learner who is learning English and Indonesia in Indonesia whichEnglish as its foreign language. The aim was to explore the factors that enables him to acquire languages in certaincontext or social environment. An adult male student (29 years old) from Comoro, South Africa was chosen for thesubject of the study. Experiences from the subject as the participant of the research are discussed, drawing on criticaltheory to understand emerging phenomena such as plasticity, Krashen’s five second language acquisition hypothesisand linguistics. The paper findings conclude that several factors such as motivations, plasticity, input, first language,agency, and age have been contributed most to the development of languages acquisition of the subject.

Determinants of Response of Wolf Pups To Auditory Signals

Behaviour ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 60 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 98-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.W. Young ◽  
J.C. Fentress ◽  
M.D. Shalter
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Canis Lupus ◽  
Vocal Behavior ◽  
Vocal Response ◽  
Human Observer ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
General Activity ◽  
Communication Signals ◽  
The Real ◽  
Natural And Synthetic

AbstractTwo naive wolf pups (Canis lupus) were presented a variety of sound stimuli, including standardized recordings of natural and synthetic adult howls. The greatest and most consistent vocal response was elicited by the "real" howls. The nature of the response depended in part upon the i) type of stimulus, 2) number of stimulus presentations, 3) associated manipulations of context, and 4) individual differences in vocal responsiveness. Neither specific ongoing behaviors nor general activity levels of the pups appears to have mediated their vocal behavior. Differential responses demonstrated their ability to distinguish between recorded howls of adult wolves. Manipulation of the context, through presentation of either a human observer, live dog, or live mice increased the pups' vocalizations to the recordings. The results are discussed in terms of both extrinsic and intrinsic determinants of an animal's response to communication signals.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document