scholarly journals A study of oropharyngeal parasites infection in doves and domestic pigeons in some villages of Garmian -Iraqi Kurdistan region

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Mohammed Abdulkareem Wahhab ◽  
Nawzad Rasheed Abdulrahman ◽  
Shahnaz Abel-Kader Ali
Keyword(s):  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Trichomonas Gallinae ◽  
Iraqi Kurdistan ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Total Prevalence ◽  
Domestic Pigeons

The  present study  was  performed in Garmian area-Iraqi Kurdistan Region on doves and domestic pigeons (Columbids) which were collected during the period from the1st of December 2015 to 30th April 2016 to study the naturally occurring of oropharyngeal parasites and their prevalence rates of infections. The wet samples were swabbed from oral cavity and pharyngeal region of all birds, and then screened by wet mount searching for parasites. The results of the current study revealed that only one species of protozoan parasite was identified which was Trichomonas gallinae. The results also showed that the total prevalence rate of infection from the total number of examined birds (249) was 54 (21.69%). Out of the 142 doves (63 males and 79 females) and 107 domestic pigeons (62 males and 45 females) examined, 29 (20.42%) doves [13 (20.63%) males and 16 (20.25%) females)] and 25 (23.36%) domestic pigeons [15 (24.19%) males and 10 (22.22%) females) were infected with T.  gallinae protozoon parasite.    In  the  present study it was found that the two examined bird species were infected with this protozoon and there was a gradual rise in prevalence of infection from beginning to end of the study. Small variations in the prevalence rate of T. gallinae infection between doves (20.42%) and domestic pigeons (23.36%) were observed but this variation not reached to the level of statistical significance (P >0.05). It is worthy to note that in all of the infected birds in the study Trichomoniasis occurred without observation of any apparent secondary diseases or signs. In conclusion Trichomoniasis is less common in urban doves and domestic pigeons in Garmian area, Kurdistan Region- Iraq. Further research is suggested in relation to protozoan parasite in other bird species in a study will be conducted in all months of the year to find the reasons which affect the prevalence rate of infection and to estimate the parasite-host relationship.

scholarly journals Prevalence and genotyping of Trichomonas gallinae in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Fahad Albeshr ◽  
Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Trichomonas Gallinae ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Pandemic Threat ◽  
First Time ◽  
Domestic Pigeons

Abstract Trichomonas gallinae is a single-celled protozoan parasite and causative agent of trichomonosis. Trichomonosis is a disease with a worldwide distribution, and has recently been highlighted as a pandemic threat to several wild bird species. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence and genotypic diversity of Trichomonas gallinae in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A total of 273 oral swab samples from birds were collected and tested for T. gallinae infection, and the overall prevalence of Trichomonas gallinae in these samples was 26.4% (72 of 273). We compared the rates of infections with T. gallinae between wild and domestic pigeons and found that the infection was significantly higher in domestic pigeons; a finding which should be considered by the Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture of Saudi Arabia when evaluating the role of poultry markets in the transmission of trichomonosis. Sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region indicated genetic variation in these parasite strains, as found in the samples collected. Among 48 sequences 15 different ribotypes were found, 12 of which were novel, and 3 of which were previously-described ribotypes: ribotype A, C, and II. This study demonstrates the diversity of T. gallinae strains in Saudi Arabian birds for the first time, and revealed that ribotypes A and C are predominant among Riyadh birds.

scholarly journals Studies on the prevalence of zoonotic important protozoan parasite Sarcocystis sp. in Nepal

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-149
Author(s):  
Hari Bahadur Rana ◽  
Krirshna Das Manandhar
Keyword(s):  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Water Buffaloes ◽  
Total Prevalence ◽  
The Government ◽  
Very High

Sarcocystosis is a disease caused by Sarcocystis sp. of protozoan parasite and it has a zoonotic aspect. Four hundred forty one water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) were examined to assess zoonotic important protozoan and helminth parasites. Among them 441 buffalo samples were observed, only 285 (64.63%) buffaloes were infected with protozoan and helminth parasites. The total prevalence rate of protozoan parasite Sarcocystis sp. was the highest 124 (43.51%). The prevalence rate of five different areas of the country, the highest prevalence rate was found in Butwal 37 (49.46%) followed by Dharan 26 (48.14%), Kathmandu 22 (46.80%), Chitwan 38 (41.30%) and Nepalganj 18 (32.72%). So, in Nepal Sarcocystis sp. was most common parasite of water buffaloes and most of the human infection occurs by ingestion of raw or improperly cocked meat of infected animals. The risk of infection of Sarcocystis sp. was very high but not yet paid attention neither from the Government nor from the private sectors.Journal of Advanced Academic Research Vol. 3, No. 2, 2016, Page: 147-149

Rekindling the Flame: Zoroastrianism in Iraqi Kurdistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-188
Author(s):  
Samme Dick
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Organisational Structure ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Legislative Change ◽  
Iraqi Kurdistan ◽  
The World ◽  
Legislative Changes ◽  
New Religion

This article examines the emergence of Zoroastrianism in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq since 2015 as a new religion inspired by Kurdish nationalism, feminism, ecologism and humanism. The author argues that the emergence of Zoroastrianism at this particular time is due to a combination of the rise of the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant in 2014, legislative change and the importance some Kurdish nationalists historically attached to Zoroastrianism as the suggested original religion of the Kurds. The article outlines the historical context of Zoroastrianism in Kurdistan, and then explores the origins, beliefs and organisational structure of Kurdish Zoroastrianism. Also discussed are the legislative changes enabling the rise of the movement since 2015. This study draws on interviews with Kurdish Zoroastrian leaders as well as with representatives from the World Zoroastrian Organization, the Kurdistan Regional Government’s Ministry of Endowments and Religious Affairs and the Alliance of Iraqi Minorities.ABSTRACT IN KURMANJIJi nû ve pêxistina agir: Baweriya Zerduştî li Kurdistana IraqêEv gotar, li ser peydabûna Zerduştiyê li Herêma Kurdistanê ya Iraqê hûr dibe, ku ji 2015an vir ve wek dînekî nû yê ji netewegeriya kurd, femînîzm, ekolojîzm û humanîzmê îlham wergirtî tê dîtin. Nivîskar îddia dike ku peydabûna Zerduştiyê ya bi taybetî wê demê ji ber hejmareke sedeman e: di 2014an de peydabûn û xurtbûna Dewleta Îslamî li Iraqê û Levantê, guherîna qanûnî û girîngiya nêrîna hin netewegerên kurd ku ji aliyê dîrokî Zerduştiyê wek dînê resen ê kurdan dibînin. Gotar, çarçoveya dîrokî ya Zerduştiyê li Kurdistanê bi kurtî rave dike û paşê li kok, bawerî û avahiya rêxistinî ya Zerduştiya kurdî dikole. Ji hêleke din, nîqaş dike ku guherînên hiqûqî ji 2015an vir ve rê li ber xurtbûna tevgerê vekiriye. Ev xebat xwe dispêre hevpeyvînên bi rêberên Zerduştiyên kurd re ligel hin şandeyên ji Rêxistina Zerduştiyan a Cîhanê, Wezareta Bexş û Karên Dînî ya Hikumeta Herêma Kurdistanê û Hevpeymaniya Kêmîneyên Iraqê.ABSTRACT IN SORANIGeşandinewey agireke: Zerdeştêtî le Kurdistanî ÊraqdaEm babete timaşay rewşî  wediyarkewtinî Zerdeştêtî dekat le Kurdistanî Êraqda, le sall 2010da wek ayînêkî nwê debînrêt ke le netewegerîy kurdî, fêmênîzm, jîngeparêzî û mirovparêzî îlham werdegirêt. Nûser bangeşey ewe dekat ke derkewtinî Zerdeştêtî lem kateda ke Dewlletî Îslamî Da'îş le Şam û Êraq le 2013 ser helldeda û be yasa rêgey pê dedirêt, şitêkî giringe  bo gerranewey kurd bo  ayînî neteweyî xoy wek ewey ke hendêk kurdî neteweperist  basî deken.  Babeteke rîşey mêjûyî Zerdeştêtî le Kurdistan nîşan dedat, herwaş rîşey  bawerr û binaẍey damezrawey Zerdeştêtî dedate ber roşnayî. Dîsan guftugoy gorranî yasa lew bareyewe bote hoyî derkewtinî em ayîne le 2015da. Em babete legell serok û bawerrdaranî Zerdeştîy le Kurdistan û damezrawey Zerdeştîyanî cîhanî û legell wezaretî karubarî ayînî le ḧukumetî herêmî Kurdistan û damezrawey kemînekanî Êraqda çawpêkewtinî encam dawe.ABSTRACT IN ZAZAKINewe ra geşkerdişê adirî: Kurdîstanê Îraqî de zerduştîyeNa meqale qayîtê zerduştîye kena ke sey bawerîya newîye serra 2015î ra nat Herêmê Kurdîstanî yê Îraqî de vejîyaye û hetê neteweperwerîya kurdan, femînîzm, dorûverperwerîye û merdimperwerîye ra îlham girewt. Nuştox musneno ke vejîyayîşê zerduştî yê ê demî çend sebeban ra qewimîya: hêzdarbîyayîşê DAÎŞ yê serra 2014î, vurîyayîşê qanûnî û tayê neteweperwerê kurdan ê ke tarîx de giranî daye zerduştîye ser ke aye sey dînê kurdan o eslî pêşnîyaz bikerê. Na meqale xulasaya kontekstê tarîxî yê zerduştîya Kurdîstanî dana û dima esl, bawerî û awanîya rêxistinan yê zerduştîya kurdan ser o cigêrayîş kena. Ser o kî vurîyayîşê qanûnî munaqeşe benê. Nê vurîyayîşî serra 2015î ra nat vejîyayîşê tevger kerd mumkîn. No cigêrayîş roportajanê bi serekanê kurdan ê zerduştîye û bi temsîlkaranê Rêxistina Zerduştîyan a Dinya, Wezaretê Ewqaf û Kar û Barê Dînî yê hukmatê Herêmê Kurdîstanî û Yewîya Eqalîyetanê Îraqî esas gêno

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Thyroid Carcinomas in North Macedonia (1999-2015)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 215013272110042
Author(s):  
Makazlieva Tanja ◽  
Vaskova Olivija ◽  
Stojanoski Sinisha ◽  
Manevska Nevena ◽  
Miladinova Daniela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Statistical State ◽  
Total Prevalence ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Histopathological Type

Objective: We have set as objective to analyze epidemiological data of diagnosed thyroid carcinoma (TC) cases, incidence and prevalence rate by gender, age, histopathological type, and statistical regions in R. of N. Macedonia during the period 1999 to 2015. Material and Methods: Retrospective analysis of medical data collected from the 2 state thyroid departments. Inclusion criteria included newly diagnosed cases of TC in appropriate years for the period 1999 to 2015. We have evaluated: yearly incidence rate, incidence and prevalence by gender, age, the distribution in 8 statistical state regions and histopathological types and subtypes representation. Results: A total number of 422 TC patients were detected, average incidence rate of 1.22/105, with most prevalent papillary TCs79.5%, followed by follicular 10.9%, medullar 4.1%, anaplastic 3.1%, and other rare types with 2.3%. The highest incidence rate was detected in Skopje region, while the lowest in Southeast and the Polog region. The total prevalence rate for the female gender was 32.61/104 and for male 9.27/104 (f/m ratio = 3.52:1), with lowest female/male difference found in the elderly > 65 years (f/m = 2.21/1). Conclusion: Compared with regional epidemiological data we can conclude that Republic of N. Macedonia has very low incidence and prevalence rate, while female/male ratio was similar to that described in the literature. Our low incidence and prevalence rate may be due to 2 possible reasons, 1 would be insufficient diagnosis of only small portion of the real cases in the population, or the second reason may be a real low incidence resulting of specific etiopathogenetic circumstances.

scholarly journals Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) survivorship following the ingestion of bird blood infected with Haemoproteus sp. parasites

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dayvion R. Adams ◽  
Andrew J. Golnar ◽  
Sarah A. Hamer ◽  
Michel A. Slotman ◽  
Gabriel L. Hamer
Keyword(s):  
Survival Time ◽  
Median Survival ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Median Survival Time ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Cardinalis Cardinalis ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Negative Controls

AbstractArthropod vectors are frequently exposed to a diverse assemblage of parasites, but the consequence of these infections on their biology and behavior are poorly understood. We experimentally evaluated whether the ingestion of a common protozoan parasite of avian hosts (Haemoproteus spp.; Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae) impacted the survivorship of Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae). Blood was collected from wild northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) in College Station, Texas, and screened for the presence of Haemoproteus spp. parasites using microscopic and molecular methods. Experimental groups of Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were offered Haemoproteus-positive cardinal blood through an artificial feeding apparatus, while control groups received Haemoproteus-negative cardinal blood or domestic canary (Serinus canaria domestica) blood. Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes exposed to Haemoproteus infected cardinal blood survived significantly fewer days than mosquitoes that ingested Haemoproteus-negative cardinal blood. The survival of mosquitoes fed on positive cardinal blood had a median survival time of 18 days post-exposure and the survival of mosquitoes fed on negative cardinal blood exceeded 50% across the 30 day observation period. Additionally, mosquitoes that fed on canary controls survived significantly fewer days than cardinal negative controls, with canary control mosquitoes having a median survival time of 17 days. This study further supports prior observations that Haemoproteus parasites can be pathogenic to bird-biting mosquitoes, and suggests that Haemoproteus parasites may indirectly suppress the transmission of co-circulating vector-borne pathogens by modulating vector survivorship. Our results also suggest that even in the absence of parasite infection, bloodmeals from different bird species can influence mosquito survivorship.

The Continuity of Settlement of Social Feuds among Kurds in the Kurdistan Region

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-107
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Lalik
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Social Organisation ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Political Autonomy ◽  
Iraqi Kurdistan

Abstract The autonomous Iraqi Kurdistan Region currently prides itself not only in its political autonomy and rapid economic development but also in promotion of the idea of human rights and the rule of law. It can be understood that modernising processes may inevitably lead to atrophy of traditional customs and social organisation of Kurdish society. One can easily discern that many cases of disputes among the inhabitants of the Kurdistan Region are processed according to judiciary principles that contradict the official legal doctrines. The examination and comparison of this mechanism in the previous century and nowadays led the author to the conclusion that the unofficial system of justice actually refers to the old tribal mechanism of solving feuds that has been repeatedly practised by bygone Kurdish generations.

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