scholarly journals Effects of mixed pulp mill sludges on crop yields and quality

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sari Kinnula ◽  
Marjaana Toivonen ◽  
Helena Soinne ◽  
Juuso Joona ◽  
Jukka Kivelä
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Forest Industry ◽  
Mineral Fertiliser ◽  
Additional Mineral

There is a great need for sustainable fertilisers and soil amendments, as current fertilisation practices negativelyaffect the environment. Pulp mill sludges (PMS) could provide a means to replace fertilisers made using non-renewable resources while adding slowly decomposing organic material to the soil and utilising nutrients from the forest industry. This study tested the effects of composted and lime-stabilised mixed PMS (CPMS and LPMS) on wheat (Triticum aestivum) yields and residual effect on oat (Avena sativa) yields in the boreal region. A two-year field experiment included two CPMS and two LPMS treatments all with additional mineral fertilisation, a mineral fertiliser treatment, and a zero-control treatment. All the fertilisers increased yields. There were no differences in crop yields between CPMS, LPMS and mineral fertiliser treatments. However, some quality characteristics and nitrogen (N) uptake were lower with all or some PMS compared with mineral fertilisation. This result suggests that part of the mineral fertilisation for cereals could be replaced by using PMS, but more information on N mineralisation from sludges is needed.

scholarly journals Corporate Responsibility in Communication

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 432-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Lehtimäki ◽  
Johanna Kujala ◽  
Anna Heikkinen
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Corporate Responsibility ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Conflict Situation ◽  
Forest Industry ◽  
Competing Values ◽  
Press Releases ◽  
Strategic Goals

The paper examines how the tensions of corporate responsibility are articulated and reconciled in a controversial situation of a foreign investment. We conducted a conventionalist analysis on the company press releases in a case where a Finnish forest industry company invested in a pulp mill in South America. The findings show that the use of language in press releases mobilizes certain stakeholders while reassuring others, and that the argumentation used creates value-neutral communication, making it possible to pursue strategic goals despite competing values. For teaching, we provide insights on how to communicate in a conflict situation.

scholarly journals Residual effect of clover-rich leys on soil nitrogen and successive grain crops

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. NYKÄNEN ◽  
A. GRANSTEDT ◽  
L. JAUHIAINEN
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Clayey Soil ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Biological N Fixation

Legume-based leys form the basis for crop rotations in organic farming as they fix nitrogen (N) from the atmosphere for the succeeding crops. The age, yield, C:N, biological N fixation (BNF) and total N of red clover-grass leys were studied for their influence on yields, N uptake and N use efficiency (NUE) of the two sequential cereal crops planted after the leys. Mineral N in deeper soil (30-90 cm) was measured to determine N leaching risk. Altogether, four field experiments were carried out in 1994-1998 at two sites. The age of the ley had no significant effect on the yields and N uptake of the two subsequent cereals. Surprisingly, the residual effect of the leys was negligible, at 0–20 kg N ha-1yr-1. On the other hand, the yield and C:N of previous red clover-grass leys, as well as BNF-N and total-N incorporated into the soil influenced subsequent cereals. NUEs of cereals after ley incorporation were rather high, varying from 30% to 80%. This might indicate that other factors, such as competition from weeds, prevented maximal growth of cereals. The mineral N content deeper in the soil was mostly below 10 kg ha-1 in the sandy soil of Juva, but was 5-25 kg ha-1 in clayey soil of Mietoinen.;

Residual effects of nitrogen fertiliser on the yield and N composition of succeeding cereal crops and on soil chemical properties of an Ethiopian highland Vertisol

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selamyihun Kidanu ◽  
D. G. Tanner ◽  
Tekalign Mamo
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
Current Season ◽  
The Mean

A trial was conducted on an Ethiopian Vertisol from 1990 to 1995 to determine the residual effects of fertiliser N applied to tef [Eragrostistef (Zucc.) Trotter] on the grain and straw yield, N content, and total N uptake of succeeding crops of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum) and tef. The mean agronomic efficiency of 60 kg fertiliser N ha−1 was 13.1 kg grain kg−1 fertiliser N applied in the current year and 5.4 kg grain kg−1 fertiliser N applied in the previous year. Thus, the residual fertiliser N benefit was equivalent to 41.2% of the response to current season N application for the two cereal crops. The mean rates of apparent recovery of fertiliser N were 65.8% for current season N application and 31.0% for previous season N application. Soil organic matter and nitrate levels increased linearly in response to both previous and current season N application rates. The current study demonstrates that the residual effect of fertiliser N enhanced the yields and N contents of the grain and straw of both wheat and tef, resulting in a significant increase in total N uptake. Any analysis of the profitability of fertiliser N response should reflect the multi-year benefit period. Key words: N recovery, N residue, N uptake, tef, wheat

Initial Development of Soybean as a Bioindicator of the Potential of Leaching 2,4-D In Red Latosol

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 727-733
Author(s):  
Vinícius Melo da Silva ◽  
Tonny José Araújo Da Silva ◽  
Maria Aparecida Peres de Oliveira ◽  
Edna Maria Bonfim-Silva ◽  
Jefferson Vieira José ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Leaching Potential ◽  
Factorial Model ◽  
Emergence Percentage ◽  
Red Latosol

Abstract. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of leaching 2,4-D in Red Latosol using soybean as a bioindicator plant, to verify the residual effect of the distribution of the herbicide in the soil on the initial development of the plant. The experimental design is a 5 × 11 × 2 triple factorial model, with 5 treatments of water slides (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mm) applied by a rainfall simulator. The depth of 11 layers (0-5, 5 -10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, 45-50, and 50-55 cm) were mounted on soil columns using two groups (in the absence and the presence of the 2,4-D herbicide dimethylamine by application at a dose of 1500 g a.i. ha-1), with four replicates, making 440 experimental plots. The residual effect of the herbicide was evaluated by seedling emergence speed index, total seedling emergence percentage and plant height evaluation. The results demonstrated that the effect of 2,4-D herbicide distribution along the soil profile induces increases in the initial development of soybean when compared to the control treatment. However, the residual 2,4-D in the soil decreases with 80- and 100-mm sheets that have greater herbicide leaching potential beyond the depth range of the soil columns. Keywords: Residual effect, Seedling emergence, Glycine max.

A LONG-TERM FIELD EXPERIMENT WITH COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND MANURE: I. Fertility levels and crop yields in a rotation of swedes, oats and hay

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. MacLeod ◽  
R. F. Bishop ◽  
L. P. Jackson ◽  
C. R. MacEachern ◽  
E. T. Goring
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Soluble Phosphorus ◽  
Initial Content ◽  
Term Field

In a field experiment, conducted from 1936 to 1957, a rotation of swedes, oats and hay was followed and treatments included commercial fertilizers and manure.Changes in the chemical composition of the soil during the experiment included significant decreases in soil organic matter, total nitrogen and cation exchange capacity. In no case was the initial content of exchangeable potassium maintained and although changes in adsorbed and easily acid-soluble phosphorus were negligible with a number of treatments only one resulted in a significant increase.The treatments were applied in the swede year and yield differences with this crop were greater than for either the oats or hay. Data for the latter two crops indicated that with most of the treatments there was a tendency for yields to decline as the experiment progressed. This was not the case with swedes where variation in yields with rotation cycles was greater than it was in the case of oats or hay. There was a considerable residual effect from manure, and phosphorus had a greater effect on yields than either nitrogen or potassium.

Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) response to residual soil N under Mediterranean agronomic practices

1999 ◽  
Vol 132 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. MARTÍN-OLMEDO ◽  
J. M. MURILLO ◽  
F. CABRERA ◽  
R. LÓPEZ
Keyword(s):  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Wastewater Sludge ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Juice Quality ◽  
Mineral Fertilization

Autumn-sown sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) responses (sugar yield, plant N-uptake and juice quality) were studied in relation to the residual NO3−-N in a soil of southwestern Spain which, for the previous five years (1989–93), had received high N rates, in accordance with conventional fertilization schedules used by farmers in the area. Three different combinations of fertilizers, supplying equal amounts of N, were used during the fertilization period (1989–93): a mineral fertilization treatment (MF, a complex 15N-15P2O5-15K2O) and two organo-mineral fertilization treatments (an olive mill wastewater sludge compost, AC, and a depotassified concentrated beet vinasse, V). All these treatments also received a top-dressing with urea (46% N). A control treatment (C), without fertilization was included for comparison.During the major part of the beet growing season, the presence of almost four times as much mineral N in the 0·100 cm soil layer of previously fertilized plots (AC, V and MF) than in the unfertilized one (C), led to a significant increase (P<0·05) in total fresh weight yield and N-uptake, but also to a significant decrease (P<0·05) in sugar content and beet processing quality. The time course of NO3−-N concentration in sugarbeet petioles and the evolution of the nutritional state of leaf-blades gave advance information about the final response of the crop to the different fertilization treatments. Besides N, Na was the element which, due to the repeated and high fertilization rates applied, had a major effect in reducing the technological quality of the sugarbeet.

Grain yield and N benefits to sequential wheat and barley crops from single-year alfalfa, berseem and red clover, chickling vetch and lentil

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Bullied ◽  
M. H. Entz ◽  
S. R. Smith, Jr. ◽  
K. C. Bamford
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
First Year ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
N Content

Single-year hay alfalfas (Medicago sativa L.), berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and red clovers (Trifolium pratense L.), chickling vetch (Lathyrus sativus L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) were evaluated for rotational yield and N benefits to the following first-year wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and second-year barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crops. Field experiments were initiated in 1997 and 1998 on a Riverdale silty clay soil at Winnipeg, Manitoba. Yield and N content of the following wheat crop were increased following legumes compared to wheat following a canola control. Wheat yield and N content averaged 2955 kg ha–1 and 76.1 kg ha–1, respectively, following the chickling vetch and lentil, 2456 kg ha–1 and 56.4 kg ha–1 following single-year hay legumes, compared with 1706 kg ha–1 and 37.9 kg ha–1 following canola. Non-dormant alfalfas (dormancy rating of eight or greater) contributed to larger grain yields than the dormant alfalfas only in the first year of each experiment. The chickling vetch and lentil provided similar or higher subsequent crop yields and N content for 2 yr compared to a canola control or fallow treatment. This study shows that some increase in yield can be achieved by using a single-year alfalfa hay crop instead of fallow; however, exclusive green manuring of chickling vetch and lentil crops can produce the most increase in yield and N uptake in subsequent crops. Key words: Alfalfa (single-year), legumes (annual), green manure, nitrogen, cropping system

Annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) reduces the uptake and utilisation of fertiliser-nitrogen by wheat

2001 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 573 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Palta ◽  
S. Peltzer
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Rates Of Growth

The effect of timing of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) emergence on the uptake and utilisation of N by wheat was investigated in a field trial on a duplex soil at Katanning, Western Australia, and in a glasshouse study in which 15N-fertiliser was applied. Three treatments were used to investigate the effect of timing of annual ryegrass emergence on the uptake and utilisation of N by wheat: simultaneous sowing of wheat and annual ryegrass, sowing of annual ryegrass 1 week before wheat, and sowing of the annual ryegrass 1 week after wheat. A control treatment, consisting of wheat sown alone, was also included. Plant densities during the field trial were 105 and 140 plants/m2 for wheat and annual ryegrass, respectively, whereas in the glasshouse they were 105 plants/m2 for wheat and 155 plants/m2 for annual ryegrass. Fertiliser-N was applied at seeding of wheat at 50 kg N/ha in the field trial and 60 kg N/ha in the glasshouse. The introduction of annual ryegrass into the wheat system reduced the production of biomass and the grain yield of wheat. The earlier the annual ryegrass was introduced into the system, the greater the reduction in the biomass and grain yield of wheat. Poor tillering and slow rates of growth were accountable for the reduction in biomass, whilst the reduction in wheat grain yield was caused by the reductions in ear number, kernels per ear, and kernel size. Grain N content and hence grain protein was also reduced by the introduction of annual ryegrass into the wheat system. Irrespective of the timing of introduction of annual ryegrass, the low N uptake of wheat resulted from a reduction in the uptake of both soil and fertiliser-N. This indicates that annual ryegrass competed with wheat not only for the fertiliser-N that was applied at seeding of wheat, but also for mineralised soil N. The competition for N reduced the total recoveries of fertiliser-N in the wheat plant. Total recoveries of fertiliser-N in the wheat plant suggest that 59% of the fertiliser-N was not taken up by wheat when annual ryegrass was sown 1 week earlier than wheat or at the same time as wheat, whereas only 32% was not taken up by the wheat when annual ryegrass was sown 1 week later than wheat. More competitive wheat genotypes would be those with better efficiency in the uptake of N and its utilisation in maintaining yield and grain protein under infestations of annual ryegrass.

scholarly journals Residual and cumulative effect of fertilizer zinc applied in wheat-cotton production system in an irrigated aridisol

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 505-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Abid ◽  
N. Ahmed ◽  
Qayyum MF ◽  
M. Shaaban ◽  
A. Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Cotton Production ◽  
Cotton Crop ◽  
Repeated Use

The objectives of present study were to determine the residual and cumulative effects of zinc (Zn) fertilizer on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a silt loam Typic Haplocambid soil (&lt; 0.05 mg/kg diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-Zn). The study comprised of two years field experiments where first cotton crop received zinc sulphate (ZnSO<sub>4</sub>∙H<sub>2</sub>O) at five rates (0, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 kg Zn/ha) in a randomized complete block design with four replications. After harvest, each plot was divided into two sub-plots. To study the residual effect, one sub-plot of all plots did not receive Zn fertilizer for the subsequent crops; however, the other sub-plot received all Zn rates for 2005&ndash;06 wheat, 2006 cotton, and 2006&ndash;07 wheat. Fresh applied, residual as well as cumulative Zn application significantly (P &le; 0.05) increased crops production for both experimental years. Residual effect of 5.0 kg Zn/ha optimized the 2006 cotton yield; however, wheat productivity was optimized with residual effect of 7.5 kg Zn/ha in 2005&ndash;06 and of 10.0 kg Zn/ha in 2006&ndash;07. Optimum yield of both crops was attained with a lesser fresh-applied and residual Zn rate than cumulative Zn rate. Total Zn uptake by wheat (134.9&ndash;289.6 g/ha) was much greater than by cotton (92.3&ndash;192.5 g/ha). It is concluded that one application of 7.5 kg Zn/ha proved adequate for optimizing two cycles of the cotton-wheat production system. Two-year repeated use of 5.0&ndash;7.5 kg Zn/ha did not depress crop yields.

A comparison of ley and arable farming systems

1960 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Lewis ◽  
John Procter ◽  
A. E. M. Hood
Keyword(s):  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Arable Crops ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Arable Farming

1. Alternate husbandry systems containing 1-, 2- and 3-year grazed leys were compared with continuous arable cropping at Jealott's Hill during the period 1945–56. Kale and wheat were used as successive test crops to measure the fertility accruing from the following crop sequences: (a) 3-year ley; (b) wheat, 2-year ley; (c) wheat, barley, 1-year ley; (d) wheat, barley, barley. A study was also made of the effect on crop yields of compost, dung and N fertilizer dressings applied to kale.2. The yields of kale and wheat were improved considerably by 1-, 2- and 3-year leys. Increments were: 5·2 tons fresh kale per acre and 8·7 cwt. wheat grain per acre from 1-year ley, 9·0 tons kale and 13·5 cwt. wheat per acre from 2-year ley and 9·2 tons kale and 15·0 cwt. wheat per acre from 3-year ley. Two- and 3-year leys were markedly superior to 1-year ley in their effects on kale and wheat. The slight benefit apparent in wheat yields from 3-year ley compared with 2-year ley was not significant and so the 2- and 3-year leys may be considered equal in their effect on the succeeding arable crops. In the third arable crop, wheat, the 2-year ley was still effective to the extent of 3·9 cwt. grain per acre but the residual effect of the 1-year ley had largely disappeared. Yields under the all-arable system were considered to have been reduced by the poor physical and nutrient status of the soil, by increased incidence of ‘take-all’ in wheat and by more weed growth.3. The response of kale to dung averaged only 1·1 tons per acre over all four rotations but this was largely obtained in the ley systems and little after all-arable cropping. Compost was generally ineffective on kale with some signs of detrimental effect, especially in the arable system. Wheat following kale benefited equally from dung and compost applied in the previous year; the average response to organics was 1·6 cwt. grain per acre and this was unaffected by rotation. The residual value of dung on subsequent crops amounted to an average of 2·0 cwt. grain per acre per annum but compost had no significant effect.4. The response to an additional 0·4 cwt. fertilizer N per acre to kale was greatest after continuous arable cropping and virtually nil after 3-year ley. Wheat grain yields were improved by 1·0 cwt. per acre on average by the addition of the extra 0·4 cwt. fertilizer N per acre to kale in the previous year.5. It was concluded that when mixed farming is practised the aim should be to have the land under grass for at least as long as it is under arable, e.g. 3 years of ley with 3 years of arable.

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