scholarly journals The effect of supplementation of liquid and crystalline lysine to barley-distillers solids diet on the performance and carcass quality of pigs

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 559-567
Author(s):  
Jarmo Valaja
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Crystalline Form ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
High Level

The response to dietary lysine of liquid or crystalline form was examined in pigs fed on cereal protein dietsover the range of live weight from 25.0 to 95.0 kg. Forty individually fed growing pigs (20 gilts and 20castrated males) were allocated to four isonitrogenous diets consisting of barley, undehydrated distillers solids and a mixture of minerals and vitamins with lysine supplementation of 0.9 or 3.2 g pure lysine per kg DM in liquid or crystalline form to provide 7.1 or 9.1 g/FU total lysine, respectively. The pigs were given feed on a restricted scale twice daily. A high level of lysine supplementation significantly increased the growth rate and improved the feed conversion efficiency (p

Effects of castration on growth rate, feed conversion efficiency and carcass quality in Damascus goats

1977 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Louca ◽  
S. Economides ◽  
J. Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Goat Meat ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency

SUMMARYOne hundred and forty-two kids of the Damascus breed of goat were used over a 10½-mo period to study the effects of early castration (at 7 days of age) on growth, feed conversion efficiency and carcass quality and late castration (at 7½ mo of age) on the presence or absence of taint in goat meat.Intact male kids grew faster and used feed more efficiently than castrates until they were about 9 mo old (56 kg live weight). There- after intact kids exhibited strong sexual activity and as a result their growth ceased completely whereas castrates continued growing. Early castrates produced fatter carcasses than those of intact kids. Castration of male kids at the age of about 7½ mo (44 kg live weight) was not successful in this trial and the kids performed very poorly. A taint of varying intensity was present in the meat of intact goats but not in that from any of the early or late castrates.

Responses to variations in dietary energy intakes by growing pigs 2. The effects on feed conversion efficiency of changes in level of intake above maintenance

1972 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Davies ◽  
I. A. M. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Agricultural Research Council

SUMMARYAllowances of about 1·4M, 1·8M, 2·2M, 2·6M, 3·OM, and 3·4M (M = feed required for maintenance) were compared for pigs growing over the live-weight ranges 20·40, 40·60, 60·80, and 80·100 kg, with feed conversion efficiency (FCE) as the main response criterion.Response to increased digestible energy (DE) allowance was curvilinear; FCE improved rapidly up to 2·2M-2·6M, and changed much less with intakes above 2·6M. It is concluded that optimum FCE occurs at about 2·7M for pigs of 30 kg and at about 3·OM for pigs of 50, 70 and 90 kg.Allowances of dietary DE suggested by the Agricultural Research Council correspond to 2·56M, 2·95M, 3·04M and 3·08M for pigs of 30, 50, 70 and 90 kg live weight, respectively. It appears that these are near to the optima in promoting the best FCE.Changes of −25%, −15%, −5%, +5% and +15% in daily intake around the optimum levels caused FCE to deteriorate by averages of about 13%, 4·5%, <1%, <1% and 4·5% respectively. Daily weight gains would then change by about −34%, −18%, −5%, +4% and +10%, respectively.

Replacement of meat and bone meal with whale meal or whale solubles in pig diets and the accumulation of mercury in the carcase

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (86) ◽  
pp. 403 ◽  
Author(s):  
NW Godfrey
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Dietary Concentration ◽  
Health Standards

The effects of replacing all or part of the protein supplied by meat and bone meal with whale meal or whale solubles were studied in four experiments with growing pigs fed diets based on wheat and barley. The growth rate and feed conversion efficiency of pigs receiving whale meal were equal to those fed meat and bone meal, whereas the performance of pigs fed whale solubles was inferior. Both whale meal and whale solubles contained mercury which accumulated in the tissues of growing pigs. The level of mercury accumulated was related to the dietary concentration and type of whale product, the period of time during which it was fed, and the type of carcase tissue. Whale meal contained more mercury than whale solubles and produced higher concentrations of mercury in the tissues. The levels of mercury in the tissues of pigs at 45 kg liveweight were lower than those of pigs at 80-85 kg liveweight. When the diets included more than 1 per cent whalemeal or 3 per cent whale solubles, the carcases contained more mercury than is tolerated by the health standards.

A note on dried poultry manure in the diet of the growing pig

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Perez-Aleman ◽  
D. G. Dempster ◽  
P. R. English ◽  
J. H. Topps
Keyword(s):  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Conventional Diet ◽  
Apparent Adverse Effect

SUMMARYDried poultry manure, produced locally by sterilization and drying, was evaluated as an addition to a conventional diet, at levels of 10, 20 and 30%, for growing pigs from 23 to 85 kg live weight. The 32 pigs remained healthy and the dried manure had no apparent adverse effect on the carcasses.There were significant linear relationships between the amount of manure added to the conventional diet and growth rate, feed conversion efficiency and certain carcass characteristics. For every 10% addition of manure, growth was reduced by 0·02 kg/day, feed conversion efficiency by 0·25 units and killing-out percentage by 0·96. The dried manure contained about 30% crude protein and was a rich source of minerals.

Influence of rumen ciliate protozoa on conversion of food and growth rate in early-weaned zebu calves

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. El-Sayed Osman ◽  
A. R.Abou Akkada ◽  
K. A. Agabawi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Mixed Population ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Ciliate Protozoa

SUMMARYThe ruminal activity, daily live-weight gain and feed conversion efficiency of zebu calves inoculated with whole rumen contents from a mature cow were compared with those of calves maintained under the same conditions except that they were ciliate-free and isolated from other ruminants.A thriving mixed population of ciliate protozoa became established in the rumen of calves two weeks after inoculation.Entodiniumwas the first genus to appear and was followed byIsotricha, Polyplastron, Ophryoscolex, DiplodiniumandDasytricha.The ruminal volatile fatty acid and ammonia concentrations in the inoculated calves showed a pronounced rise above the values found in the uninoculated controls.The inoculated calves grew faster and had a higher feed conversion efficiency than the uninoculated controls.

A note on the effect of Probioticum feed additive on the live-weight gain, feed conversion and carcass quality of bacon pigs

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Burnett ◽  
E. L. Neil
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Zinc Bacitracin

SUMMARY1. Two experiments were conducted, one with pigs fed individually on a restricted scale of feeding, and one with pigs fed ad libitum in groups, to test Probioticum as a feed additive with and without nitrovin and zinc bacitracin.2. Growth rate, feed conversion, killing-out percentage and carcass quality were measured.3. No significant difference was shown in any of the characteristics measured between diets containing any of the additives, singly or in combination.

The early weaning of pigs VII. The effect of level and source of protein in the diet of pigs weaned at 10 lb. live weight on subsequent performance and carcass quality

1961 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Blair
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
And Performance

1. Dry-meal diets based on whitefish meal or soyabean oil meal, balanced in respect of minerals, and containing 28, 23 or 18% crude protein were given to pigs from 10 to 25 lb., and similar diets containing 18% crude protein were given from 25 to 40 lb. From 40 to 100 lb. and from 100 lb. to bacon weight all pigs were given the same diets with 16% crude protein and 14% crude protein, respectively.2. From 10 to 25 lb. live weight the results showed that:(a) With diets based on whitefish meal there was an improvement in growth rate of 11% (P < 0·05) and an improvement in feed conversion efficiency of 14% (P < 0·001) when the level of crude protein was increased from 18% to 23%. Growth rate and feed conversion efficiency were not improved further by increasing the level of crude protein from 23 to 28%.(b) With diets based on soyabean oil meal, feed conversion efficiency and growth rate were not improved by increasing the protein in the diet from 18 to 23%, and performance was similar to that on the 18% protein diet based on whitefish meal. Pigs fed on the soyabean diet containing 28% protein were unthrifty and grew very slowly; some showed gastric ulceration.(c) Consumption of the diets containing 18% crude protein was 8% higher (P < 0·05) than consumption of the other diets.(d) Apparent digestibility of the dry matter of the diets, as measured by the chromic oxide marker method, rose as the pigs grew older, and apparent digestibility of the dry matter and crude protein of the diets based on soyabean oil meal was consistently lower than when whitefish meal was the main supplementary source of protein.

Copper sulphate as a growth stimulant for pigs: effect of level and purity

1961 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. M. Lucas ◽  
R. M. Livingstone ◽  
I. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Copper Sulphate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Comparison Of The Results ◽  
Conversion Efficiencies

Two 2 × 4 factorial experiments each involved 8 litters of 8 pigs, one pig from each litter being allocated to each treatment. Diets containing supplements of a commercial grade of copper sulphate were compared with others containing Analar (Experiment 1) or micro-analytical reagent grade copper sulphate (Experiment 2). Four levels of each of two grades of CuSO4.5H2O, providing 16, 62, 125 or 250 p.p.m. Cu in the diets, were given in each experiment.The pigs were put on experiment at 8—9 weeks of age and most were slaughtered as their individual weights reached about 200 lb. The exceptions were 4 litters in Experiment 1 which were taken off experiment at that weight but not slaughtered. The pigs were fed in individual compartments, meal allowances being determined from a fixed scale based on live-weight.Purity of copper sulphate did not affect growth rate, feed conversion efficiency or carcass measurements in either experiment.Response to level of copper sulphate between about 45 and 100 lb. liveweight differed somewhat between experiments. In Experiment 1 pigs receiving 125 or 250 p.p.m. in the diet grew 4 or 9% faster and had better feed conversion efficiencies than those receiving 16 or 62 p.p.m. Cu. In Experiment 2, pigs receiving 62, 125 or 250 p.p.m. Cu all grew about 4–5% faster and had 1–5 % better feed conversion efficiencies than those receiving 16 p.p.m. Cu, but the effect on feed conversion efficiency was not statistically significant.Increase in copper sulphate above the trace level supplying 16 p.p.m. Cu in the diet had no effect on growth rate or feed conversion efficiency between 100 and 202 lb. live-weight or on killing-out percentage or carcass measurements.Comparison of the results with those from a previous experiment showed that in pigs fed according to a fixed scale the greatest consistent increases in growth rate and feed conversion efficiency have occurred with copper sulphate as 0·1% of the diet, giving 250 p.p.m. Cu. This supplement has only improved performance between 100 and 200 lb. live-weight in one experiment out of five.

scholarly journals Evaluation of American and British rations for growing pigs

1966 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Barber ◽  
R. Braude ◽  
Zena D. Hosking ◽  
K. G. Mitchell ◽  
W. H. Bruner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Feeding Methods

1. A test was carried out simultaneously in Shinfield, Reading, England, and Columbus, Ohio, USA, using typical British and American rations for growing pigs. The rations were compounded in their country of origin; half of each consignment was used at the home station and the other half shipped to the overseas station. 2. Both restricted feeding and ad lib. feeding methods were used at each station. 3. A similar pattern of results was obtained at Shinfield and Columbus. Pigs receiving the American ration, which was higher in energy content, grew faster and required less feed per kg live-weight gain than pigs receiving the British ration. The higher energy content of the ration was probably responsible also for the poorer carcass quality of the pigs receiving the American ration, particularly the high fat content. The comparison between restricted feeding and ad lib. feeding was not affected by the type of ration. Restricted feeding resulted in slower growth rate, slightly better efficiency of feed conversion and considerably better carcass quality.

Influence of energy and protein concentration in the diet on the performance of growing pigs 2. Differing nutrient density at a constant energy: protein ratio

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Lodge ◽  
M. E. Cundy ◽  
R. Cooke ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Amino Acid Balance

SUMMARYForty-eight gilts by Landrace sires on Large White × Landrace females were randomly allocated to eight pens and within pens to six treatment groups involving three diets and two levels of feeding from 23 to 59 kg live weight. All diets were formulated to have approximately the same ratio of digestible energy to crude protein (160 kcal DE/unit % CP) but different energy and protein concentrations: (A) 3500 kcal/kg DE and 21 % CP, (B) 3150 kcal/kg DE and 19% CP, and (C) 2800 kcal/kg DE and 17% CP. Amino acid balance was maintained relatively constant with synthetic lysine, methionine and tryptophan. The levels of feeding were such that the lower level of diet A allowed an intake of energy and protein similar to the higher level of diet B, and the lower level of B was similar to the higher level of C.On the lower level of feeding, growth rate, efficiency of feed conversion and carcass fat content increased linearly with each increment in nutrient concentration; on the higher level of feeding growth rate and EFC increased from diet C to B but not from B to A, whereas carcass fat content increased linearly with diet from the lowest to the highest concentration. There was a non-significant tendency for the higher density diets at a similar level of nutrient intake to give better EFC and fatter carcasses than the lower density diets.

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