scholarly journals The pathogenicity and importance of seed-borne infection by Bipolaris sorokiniana on barley in Finland

1985 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-115
Author(s):  
Aarne Kurppa
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Seed Infection ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Sowing Seed

Seed-borne infection by Bipolaris sorokiniana decreased the percentage germination of barley seeds and the emergence of seedlings. Infection levels were higher in non-germinated than in germinated seeds. Seed treatment with organomercurial fungicide or imazalil improved the percentage emergence but a low number of diseased seedlings still remained in the crops. The fungus caused a reduction in grain yields in most experiments and also decreased their value as sowing seed, if the weather conditions were favourable for compute disease expression. Yield losses in greenhouse experiments varied from 7.2 to 38.5 % and in the field from 5 to 11 %, and showed a strong correlation with the infection levels in the seed stocks. Higher losses were associated with the six-row cultivars. Organomercury seed treatment resulted in a slight but in significant increase in yields but it was able to prevent an occurrence of secondary infection in the crop resulting in a lower seed infection levels of the grain. In field experiments in Inari (69° N.L.) seed-borne inoculum could be demonstrated clearly to be the only source of a severe disease outbreak. The inoculum remaining in the soil was capable of initiating soil-borne infection of barley seedlings during the following two growing seasons.

scholarly journals The Role of Agrotechnical Factors in Shaping the Protein Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 6833
Author(s):  
Piotr Szulc ◽  
Katarzyna Ambroży-Deręgowska ◽  
Iwona Mejza ◽  
Joanna Kobus-Cisowska ◽  
Marta Ligaj
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Atmospheric Precipitation ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Stay Green ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Maize Protein ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Np Fertilizer

The subject of the work was the evaluation of maize protein yield conditioned by various agrotechnical factors. The test results are derived from two different field experiments covering a total of seven years of observation. Protein yield was significantly dependent on changing weather conditions in the growing seasons. Protein yield was significantly lower in the dry and hot years. The sum of precipitation for the month of May was positively correlated with maize protein yield. However, there was no correlation between the average air temperature and the amount of protein yield. The sum of atmospheric precipitation for the entire growing season (IV–X) shaped maize protein yield in over 96%. A non-linear relationship of the 2nd degree was determined between these traits. Sowing maize into the soil cultivated traditionally (autumn tillage), “stay-green” type cultivars and row fertilization positively influenced maize protein yield. Initial fertilization (regardless of depth) with two-component NP fertilizer, in relation to broadcast fertilization, significantly increased maize protein yield from 11.4% to 18%, respectively. The type of nitrogen fertilizer did not differentiate the value of this trait. Pre-sowing nitrogen application was more effective compared to the top dressing, and significantly increased protein yield. Row fertilization with two-component NP fertilizer clearly affected the content protein in grain. The interdependence of genetic and agronomic progress is an important factor shaping the potential of maize protein yield and cannot be attributed to either breeding (cultivar) or agronomy.

Influence of fertilizers on rewintering and productivity of winter wheat of a grade "Kazan 560"

10.12737/3830 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-138
Author(s):  
Сабирова ◽  
Razina Sabirova ◽  
Шакиров ◽  
Rafil Shakirov
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Target Level ◽  
High Nitrogen Content ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrate Fertilizer ◽  
Sowing Seed ◽  
Favorable Weather

The paper discusses the issues of fertilizers effect on germination, plant productivity and overwintering of Kazanskaya 560 variety winter wheat. The results showed that pre-sowing seed treatment by Humate fertilizer “Bioplant Floro” calculated 0.5 liters per ton increases the seed germination to 4-5%, the accumulation of sugars in the tillering nodes of winter wheat to 10-11%, and the safety of overwintering plants to cleaning to 5-10%. The calculated fertilizer norms allow to get close to planned levels of crop during favorable weather conditions. Treating the seeds by “Bioplant Flora”, the yield exceeded the target level (4.1 tons per hectare instead of planned 4 tons per hectare of grain). An application NPK and ammonium nitrate as an ordinal fertilizer at planting provides almost the same level of productivity of the main fertilizers, calculated to produce 3 tons per hectare. It is undesirable to use ammonium nitrate fertilizer on winter wheat as ordinal, especially after steam cleaner with a high nitrogen content. This can reduce its winter hardiness quality. Good results are obtained by using nitrate in the doze 1 centner per hectare in bulk

FIELD EVALUATION AND THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ASCOCHYTA COMPLEX ON PEAS

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. R. Wallen
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Mycosphaerella Pinodes ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Seed Infection ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ascochyta Pisi

Mycosphaerella pinodes Berk, and Blox. Vestgrn. and Ascochyta pinodella Jones were found to cause serious yield losses in the field. Although a higher percentage of seeds became infected with Ascochyta pisi Lib. than with either of the fungi referred to above, yield losses were considerably less, This finding is important in setting disease tolerances for various grades of seed since in the past arbitrary scales for these three organisms have been set without any knowledge of the relative importance of seed infection to field epidemiology. Only races III and IV of A. pisi caused significant losses in yield. Cycloheximide (100 p.p.m.) applied as a spray in the field significantly reduced seed infection by A. pisi but also reduced seed germination. Phygon 50W and griseofulvin 50W did not reduce germination but reduced seed infection considerably although not completely. Granted, preliminary results suggested that certain chemicals gave a selective control of the races of A. pisi, but this phenomenon could not be further demonstrated because of secondary infection in the field.

Effects of seed-gall nematode, Anguina tritici, on bread wheat grain characteristics and yields in Turkey

Nematology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 1099-1104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adnan Tulek ◽  
Ilker Kepenekci ◽  
Tugba Hilal Cifticigil ◽  
Irfan Ozturk ◽  
Kemal Akin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Seed Infection ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Agricultural Research Institute ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Research Institute

The effects of Anguina tritici on wheat yields and agronomic components were investigated at Thrace Agricultural Research Institute, Turkey, during the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons. Evaluations during 2013 focused on the wheat cv. Pehlivan, which is widely cultivated in Turkey. In this cultivar, A. tritici led to a grain infection in infected spikes of 0-100%, with an average of 61.8%. In 2014, yield losses caused by A. tritici were investigated in four wheat cvs, Pehlivan, Selimiye, Gelibolu and Kate-A. Results indicated that there were significant yield losses averaging 55% in plots infested with A. tritici (average yields = 3.74 t ha−1), as compared to control plots (average yields = 8.38 t ha−1). Yield losses in the four wheat cvs Kate-A, Pehlivan, Selimiye and Gelibolu were estimated as 51.3, 53.2, 56.6 and 59.6%, respectively, with seed infection levels by A. tritici of 21.4, 20.9, 24.4 and 18.3%, respectively.

scholarly journals In-furrow inoculation of soybean as alternative to fungicide and micronutrient seed treatment

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 1103-1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubens José Campo ◽  
Ricardo Silva Araujo ◽  
Fábio Luís Mostasso ◽  
Mariangela Hungria
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Biological N2 Fixation ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Grain Crop ◽  
First Time ◽  
Liquid Inoculant

Soybean is a major grain crop in Brazil, and yields can be considerably improved by inoculation with selected Bradyrhizobium strains. However, the incompatibility between inoculation and seed treatments with fungicides and micronutrients represents a major barrier to the achievement of high rates of biological N2 fixation. Inoculation practices that can alleviate the negative effects of agrochemicals must therefore be found and in-furrow inoculation seems to be an attractive alternative. This study reports the results of seven field experiments conducted in three growing seasons in Brazil; three in soils previously cropped with inoculated soybean (> 10(4) cells g-1 of soil of Bradyrhizobium), and four in areas where the crop was sown for the first time (< 10² cells g-1 of soil of Bradyrhizobium). The compatibility with fungicides and micronutrients was compared in seeds inoculated with peat or liquid inoculants, or treated with different doses of liquid inoculant in-furrow. In areas with established Bradyrhizobium populations, seed-applied agrochemicals did generally not affect nodulation, but also did not increase yields, while inoculation always increased N grain accumulation or yield, and N fertilizer decreased both nodulation and yield. Where soybean was sown for the first time, the seed treatment with agrochemicals affected nodulation when applied together with peat or liquid inoculant. In-furrow inoculation alleviated the effects of seed treatment with agrochemicals; the best performance was achieved with high Bradyrhizobium cell concentrations, with up to 2.5 million cells seed-1.

scholarly journals Reaction of spring barley cultivars grown in Finland to soil-borne infection by Bipolaris sorokiniana and to its toxic metabolites

1985 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-96
Author(s):  
Aarne Kurppa
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Toxic Metabolites ◽  
The Mean

Soil-borne infection of Bipolaris sorokiniana caused foot and root rot in all spring barley cultivars studied. Significant differences in susceptibility of the cultivars and pathogenicity of the fungus isolates were found. Primary symptoms caused by the fungus were seedling blight, later foot and root rot. Yield losses caused by the fungus varied from 3 % to 33 % the mean being c. 15 %. Yield losses could occur without severe disease symptoms. Toxic metabolites produced by the fungus induced visible foot and root symptoms in all cultivars tested and caused lesions in the leaves of some cultivars. Variability in toxin production of fungus isolates as well as the reaction of a cultivar to toxins was demonstrated. The cultivars most susceptible to soil-borne infection by the fungus also showed the most severe symptoms when exposed to toxic metabolites of the fungus.

scholarly journals Yielding of two types of maize cultivars in relation to selected agrotechnical factors

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 416-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Jagła ◽  
Piotr Szulc ◽  
Katarzyna Ambroży-Deręgowska ◽  
Iwona Mejza ◽  
Joanna Kobus-Cisowska
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Stay Green ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Maize Cultivars ◽  
Clear Result ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Area Unit ◽  
Np Fertilizer

The study presents the results of field experiments, the aim of which was to assess the yield of maize cultivars with different genetic profiles depending on the method of soil preparation for sowing and the method of NP fertilizer application. The yield and water content in the grain were significantly dependent on changing weather conditions in the growing seasons. Sowing maize into the soil cultivated traditionally (autumn ploughing), stay-green type cultivars and row fertilization positively influenced maize yielding. The stay-green cultivar yielded at a higher level compared to the fast maturing cultivar, the difference being significant in the year characterized by unfavourable distribution (deficit) of precipitation in the growing season. The stay-green cultivar reacted favourably to the localized application of NP fertilizer, the clear result of which was the increase in grain yield. Direct maize sowing significantly reduced the number of production ears per surface area unit and the number of grains on the ear. Selection of the stay-green cultivar and row fertilization with NP fertilizer improved this condition.  

Infection of subterranean clover swards with bean yellow mosaic potyvirus: losses in herbage and seed yields and patterns of virus spread

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 1427 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAC Jones
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Grazing Experiment ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Heavy Grazing ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Grazed Swards

During 1989-92, subterranean clover ( Trifolium subterraneum L.) was grown in field experiments in which swards of six cultivars were infected with bean yellow mosaic potyvirus (BYMV) by transplanting small BYMV-infected subterranean clover plants into them. The swards were then grazed by sheep or mown to simulate grazing. The infected transplants were the primary virus source for subsequent spread by aphids. Spread initially centred on infected transplants resulting in circular expanding infected patches. Later, secondary patches, isolated affected plants and more generalized infection sometimes developed. The extent of spread within swards from the transplants varied with cultivar, BYMV isolate, site and year. Final BYMV incidence ranged from 12% of plants symptom-affected by isolate MI in cv. Junee in 1991 to 100% by isolate SMB in cv. Leura in 1992. BYMV spread mostly occurred in spring and was increased around the edges of areas of bare ground in swards. In two experiments at one site in which 'mini swards' of cvv. Green Range, Karridale and Leura were mown repeatedly, BYMV-infection decreased herbage yields (dry weights) by 12-16% while seed yields were decreased significantly (by 37-40010) in one experiment. In a grazing experiment at a second site with swards of cvv. Esperance and Karridale, BYMV-infection decreased overall yields of herbage by 18-39% and seed by 11-12%; herbage yield losses within symptom-affected patches were 28-49%. In a further grazing experiment at this site with swards of cvv. Junee and Karridale, BYMV-induced losses determined from symptom-affected patches were 21-29% for herbage and 15-25% for seed. In a grazing experiment with swards of cvv. Denmark and ~ e u r a ' at a third site, BYMV-induced overall herbage yield decreases of 8-12% were still recorded despite extensive BYMV spread to control swards; yield losses within symptom-affected patches were 18-25% for herbage and 35-47% for seed. Seed yield losses were due to decreased seed size (mean seed weight), fewer seeds being produced, or both. Estimates of the effects of different levels of BYMV infection on herbage yields in partially infected grazed swards were obtained for cvv. Denmark, Karridale and Leura by plotting individual quadrat data for herbage dry weights against % symptom-affected plants. Losses increased in proportion to the level of infection, but their magnitude also varied with cultivar and experiment. It is concluded that BYMV infection of subterranean clover pastures is cause for concern, not only as regards herbage yield losses but also as regards depletion of the seed bank, which, when compounded year by year, results in pasture deterioration. Early and prolonged aphid activity, reseeding the pasture with susceptible cultivars, heavy grazing and extended growing seasons are all likely to magnify BYMV-induced losses.

nfluence of pre-sowing treatment with stimulators of rosta on the spinach seeds growth and on the development of steam-zitary mushrooms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Ivanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Seed Infection ◽  
Pathogenic Species ◽  
Sowing Seed

The effect of pre-sowing seed treatment with phytostimulants on the germination of spinach seeds was investigated vegetable garden in conditions of seed infection with pathogenic species of fungi.

Investigations of the Potential Interactions Between Pre-emergence Residual Herbicides, Variety, and Seed Treatments in Soybean

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 570-578
Author(s):  
Blake R. Barlow ◽  
Lovreet S. Shergill ◽  
Mandy D. Bish ◽  
Kevin W. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Treatment Combination ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Chlorimuron Ethyl ◽  
Potential Interactions

AbstractField experiments were performed in 2016 and 2017 in Missouri to determine whether interactions exist between PRE herbicides and seed treatments in soybean. The experiments consisted of a randomized complete block design with factorial arrangements of varieties, seed treatments, and herbicides. We selected two genetically similar varieties of soybean, one with known tolerance to PPO-inhibiting herbicides and one with known sensitivity. Each variety of seed received three separate seed treatment mixtures (STMs): (1) STM1, imidacloprid plus prothioconazol+penflufen+metalaxyl plus metalaxyl plusBacillus subtilis+B. pumilis, (2) STM2,Pasteuria nishizawaeplus thiamethoxam plus prothioconazol+penflufen+metalaxyl plus metalaxyl plusB. subtilis+B. pumilis, and (3) STM3, fluopyram plus imidacloprid plus prothioconazol+penflufen+metalaxyl plus metalaxyl plusB. subtilis+B. pumilis. Chlorimuron-ethyl+flumioxazin+pyroxasulfone, chlorimuron-ethyl+flumioxazin+metribuzin, and chlorimuron-ethyl+sulfentrazone were applied PRE to each variety and seed treatment combination at 1× and 2× the labeled use rate. Chlorimuron-ethyl+sulfentrazone treatment at the 2× rate resulted in greater injury of 8% and 14% to the sensitive variety than the tolerant in 2016 and 2017, respectively; this was the highest injury observed from any herbicide treatment in either year. In 2017, chlorimuron-ethyl+sulfentrazone resulted in the greatest height reductions in both varieties, but this reduction was more evident in the sensitive (19%) than in the tolerant (6%) variety. Overall, yield differences between the two varieties were not consistent between years, and for both varieties, the sulfentrazone-containing treatments resulted in the highest yield losses. The results of this research indicate that there is a larger interaction between herbicides and varieties than there is between herbicides and seed treatments, or seed treatments and varieties.

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