scholarly journals Reaction of spring barley cultivars grown in Finland to soil-borne infection by Bipolaris sorokiniana and to its toxic metabolites

1985 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-96
Author(s):  
Aarne Kurppa
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Toxic Metabolites ◽  
The Mean

Soil-borne infection of Bipolaris sorokiniana caused foot and root rot in all spring barley cultivars studied. Significant differences in susceptibility of the cultivars and pathogenicity of the fungus isolates were found. Primary symptoms caused by the fungus were seedling blight, later foot and root rot. Yield losses caused by the fungus varied from 3 % to 33 % the mean being c. 15 %. Yield losses could occur without severe disease symptoms. Toxic metabolites produced by the fungus induced visible foot and root symptoms in all cultivars tested and caused lesions in the leaves of some cultivars. Variability in toxin production of fungus isolates as well as the reaction of a cultivar to toxins was demonstrated. The cultivars most susceptible to soil-borne infection by the fungus also showed the most severe symptoms when exposed to toxic metabolites of the fungus.

scholarly journals The response of some spring barley cultivars grown in Finland to air-borne secondary infection by Bipolaris sorokiniana

1985 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-105
Author(s):  
Aarne Kurppa
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Foliar Diseases ◽  
Infection Incidence ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Internal Cell ◽  
High Infection ◽  
The Mean

Air-borne secondary inoculum of Bipolaris sorokiniana caused severe foliar diseases and yield losses in all 12 spring barley cultivars tested in greenhouses or in the field. For secondary infection to occur a high relative humidity was necessary. Yield losses due to foliar diseases reached a maximum of 43.4 % in greenhouse experiments and 27.8 % in the field. The mean losses were 20.3 % and 12.3%, respectively. Early infection at the time of heading or shortly after it resulted in higher yield losses than did later infection, although the symptom expression was opposite. Spore inoculation or natural secondary infection by the spores from a diseased crop after heading always resulted in a high infection incidence in the grain. Infection incidence as well as fungal invasion of the internal cell leyers of the grains varied significantly among barley cultivars. The most susceptible of those tested were cvs. Teemu, Paavo and Pomo, while the most resistant were Ingrid, Otra and Pirkka.

scholarly journals The In-Silico Development of DNA Markers for Breeding of Spring Barley Varieties That Are Resistant to Spot Blotch in Russia

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 505
Author(s):  
Irina V. Rozanova ◽  
Nina M. Lashina ◽  
Vadim M. Efimov ◽  
Olga S. Afanasenko ◽  
Elena K. Khlestkina
Keyword(s):  
Dna Markers ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Significant Snps ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Spot Blotch ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Northwestern Region ◽  
The Impact

The fungal pathogen Cochliobolus sativus Drechs. Ex Dastur, anamorph Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker is one of the most common barley pathogens worldwide and causes spot blotch and root rot in barley. Spot blotch is considered to be the major biotic stress hampering the commercial production of barley. During high disease severity, which occurs in the northwestern region of Russia once every three to four years, yield losses for barley may reach 40%. An increase in common root rot severity results in yield losses that can reach 80%. The goal of the current study was to identify significant markers that can be employed as diagnostic DNA markers to breed C. sativus pathogen-resistant varieties of barley. In 94 spring barley cultivars and lines, the resistance of seedlings and adult plants to the impact of C. sativus on their leaves and roots was investigated. Five genomic regions associated with resistance to Spot blotch were identified (on chromosome 1H (50–61.2 cM), 2H (68.7–69.68 cM), 3H (18.72–26.18 cM), 7H (7.52–15.44 cM)). No significant loci were determined to be associated with root rot. According to obtained data, 11 significant SNPs were converted into KASP markers and 6 markers located on chromosome 3H were determined to possess good accuracy and the potential to be employed in marker-assisted selection.

scholarly journals Resistance to Fusarium head blight in spring barley

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 58-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Chrpová ◽  
V. Šíp ◽  
L. Štočková ◽  
L. Stemberková ◽  
L. Tvarůžek
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Medium Resistance

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a fungal disease causing substantial yield and quality losses in barley. Genetic variation in deoxynivalenol (DON) content and and important yield traits in response to FHB were studied in 44 spring barley cultivars for two years following artificial inoculation with Fusarium culmorum under field conditions. The analysis of variance revealed that the largest effect on DON content and simultaneously on the reduction of thousand grain weight and grain weight per spike were due to the environmental conditions of the year, while the visual disease symptoms depended on the cultivars to a larger extent. All these traits were significantly interrelated. The most resistant cultivars Murasski mochi, Nordic, Krasnodarskij 35, Krasnodarskij 95, Nordus, and Usurijskij 8, together with the resistant check Chevron, showed the lowest DON content, the lowest expression of disease symptoms and the lowest reduction of TGW and GWS. However, most spring barley cultivars registered in the Czech Republic in recent years expressed susceptibility or medium resistance and were considerably affected by the disease. This increases the importance of breeding barley for resistance to FHB.

scholarly journals Performance and Resistance to Phytophthora Crown and Root Rot in Squash Lines

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 608-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle E. LaPlant ◽  
Gregory Vogel ◽  
Ella Reeves ◽  
Christine D. Smart ◽  
Michael Mazourek
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Resistant Lines ◽  
Oomycete Pathogen ◽  
Crown And Root Rot

Phytophthora crown and root rot, caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici, is a devastating disease of squash and pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo). No currently available cultivars provide complete resistance to this disease. Three newly developed squash lines and four hybrids were evaluated in greenhouse and field experiments for their resistance to phytophthora crown and root rot as well as for their horticultural performance. The three newly developed lines ranked among the most resistant entries included in 2 years of field trials. In addition, in a separate greenhouse experiment, one of the lines was shown to display the least severe disease symptoms among a group of accessions previously reported to possess partial resistance to phytophthora crown and root. Furthermore, the resistance was observed to be robust to several isolates of P. capsici. However, the phytophthora-resistant lines had reduced yield relative to standard squash cultivars. These lines are useful for continued breeding efforts toward a phytophthora crown and root rot-resistant cultivar.

scholarly journals Three Strains of Tobacco etch virus Distinctly Alter the Transcriptome of Apical Stem Tissue in Capsicum annuum during Infection

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 741
Author(s):  
John F. Murphy ◽  
H. Tucker Hallmark ◽  
Thiruvarangan Ramaraj ◽  
Anitha Sundararajan ◽  
Faye Schilkey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Molecule ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Tobacco Etch Virus ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Stem Segment ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Severity Of Disease ◽  
Systemic Symptoms ◽  
Two Stages

Tobacco etch virus (TEV; genus Potyvirus) is flexuous rod shaped with a single molecule of single-stranded RNA and causes serious yield losses in species in the Solanaceae. Three TEV strains (HAT, Mex21, and N) are genetically distinct and cause different disease symptoms in plants. Here, a transcriptomic RNA sequencing approach was taken for each TEV strain to evaluate gene expression of the apical stem segment of pepper plants during two stages of disease development. Distinct profiles of Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) were identified for each TEV strain. DEG numbers increased with degree of symptom severity: 24 from HAT, 1190 from Mex21, and 4010 from N. At 7 days post-inoculation (dpi), when systemic symptoms were similar, there were few DEGs for HAT- and Mex21-infected plants, whereas N-infected plants had 2516 DEGs. DEG patterns from 7 to 14 dpi corresponded to severity of disease symptoms: milder disease with smaller DEG changes for HAT and Mex21 and severe disease with larger DEG changes for N. Strikingly, in each of these comparisons, there are very few overlapping DEGs among the TEV strains, including no overlapping DEGs between all three strains at 7 or 14 dpi.

scholarly journals Suppression of Phytophthora Root Rot in Red Raspberries with Cultural Practices and Soil Amendments

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1790-1795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Maloney ◽  
Marvin Pritts ◽  
Wayne Wilcox ◽  
Mary Jo Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Soil Amendments ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Phosphorous Acid ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Phytophthora Root Rot ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Phytophthora Fragariae ◽  
Infested Site

Various soil amendments and cultural practices were examined in both a phytophthora-infested (Phytophthora fragariae var. rubi) (+PFR) and uninfested field (–PFR) planted to `Heritage' red raspberries. Although plants in the +PFR field did not exhibit typical disease symptoms due to unseasonably dry weather, their growth was less than those in the –PFR field. After 2 years, plants in the +PFR site had the highest yields in plots treated with phosphorous acid or amended with gypsum, whereas compost-amended plots had the lowest yields in both +PFR and –PFR sites. A second field study confirmed the positive effect of gypsum on growth and yield of raspberries in an infested site. In a third study, `Titan' raspberries grown under greenhouse conditions in pots containing unamended soil from the infested site, then flooded, exhibited severe disease symptoms; however, pasteurization of the soil, treatment with phosphorous acid and metalaxyl fungicide, or gypsum amendment mostly prevented symptoms from developing. These three studies suggest that a preplant soil amendment containing certain readily available forms of calcium, such as found in gypsum, can help suppress phytophthora root rot and increase survival, growth and yield of raspberries in sites where the pathogen is present.

scholarly journals The occurrence of fungi on roots and stem bases of Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta L. Thell. grown under two levels of chemical protection and harmfulness of Fusarium graminearum Schwabe to seedlings of selected genotypes

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Cegiełko ◽  
Irena Kiecana ◽  
Leszek Rachoń ◽  
Alina Pastucha ◽  
Marcin Wit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Spelt Wheat ◽  
Chemical Protection ◽  
The Mean

Investigations were carried out in 2007–2009 on the plots of the Felin Experimental Station belonging to the University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland. The studies comprised two breeding lines of spelt wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> ssp. <em>spelta</em> L. Thell.) – STH 3 and STH 715. Two levels of chemical protection were applied in the cultivation with minimal and complex protection. Infection of winter spelt wheat roots and stem bases was recorded in each growing season at hard dough stage (87 in Zadok’s scale). After 3 years of the study, the mean values of disease indexes for the analyzed spelt wheat lines in the experimental treatment with minimal protection were 28.53 and 40.30 respectively for STH 3 and STH 715. In the experimental combination with complex protection, after 3 years of the study the mean values of disease indexes ranged from 25.96 (STH 3) to 26.90 (STH 715). The mycological analysis showed that <em>Fusarium</em> spp., especially <em>F. culmorum</em>, caused root rot and necrosis of stem bases of spelt wheat in the experimental combination with minimal and complex protection. Moreover, <em>Fusarium avenaceum</em> and <em>Bipolaris sorokiniana</em> caused root rot and necrosis of stem bases of spelt wheat. Investigation carried out in a growth chamber on susceptibility of seedlings of three lines of spelt wheat (LO 2/09/n/2, LO 5/09/13/3, LO 5/09/5/4) to infection with <em>Fusarium graminearum</em> No. 8 and <em>F. graminearum</em> No. 45 showed that the genotypes did not differ in their susceptibility. All of them were susceptible, as indicated by high values of the disease indexes. No interaction was found between genotypes and strains of the fungus. This indicates the differential pathogenicity of <em>Fusarium graminearum</em> species.

scholarly journals Pyramiding of scald resistance genes in four spring barley MAGIC populations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juho Hautsalo ◽  
Fluturë Novakazi ◽  
Marja Jalli ◽  
Magnus Göransson ◽  
Outi Manninen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Association Studies ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Barley Leaf ◽  
Advanced Generation

AbstractGenome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) of four Multi-parent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross (MAGIC) populations identified nine regions on chromosomes 1H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H and 7H associated with resistance against barley scald disease. Three of these regions are putatively novel resistance Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL). Barley scald is caused by Rhynchosporium commune, one of the most important barley leaf diseases that are prevalent in most barley-growing regions. Up to 40% yield losses can occur in susceptible barley cultivars. Four MAGIC populations were generated in a Nordic Public–Private Pre-breeding of spring barley project (PPP Barley) to introduce resistance to several important diseases. Here, these MAGIC populations consisting of six to eight founders each were tested for scald resistance in field trials in Finland and Iceland. Eight different model covariate combinations were compared for GWAS studies, and the models that deviated the least from the expected p-values were selected. For all QTL, candidate genes were identified that are predicted to be involved in pathogen defence. The MAGIC progenies contained new haplotypes of significant SNP-markers with high resistance levels. The lines with successfully pyramided resistance against scald and mildew and the significant markers are now distributed among Nordic plant breeders and will benefit development of disease-resistant cultivars.

scholarly journals Healthiness and fungus composition of barley roots under organic, integrated and conventional farming systems

2013 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
Anna Baturo ◽  
Czesław Sadowski ◽  
Jan Kuś
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Conventional Farming ◽  
Conventional System ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Disease Symptoms

The researched material was healthiness of roots and fungus composition of spring barley cultivated under organic, integrated and conventional farming systems. The studies were carried out in 1998-2001 on experimental fields in Osiny near Puławy, south-eastern Poland. In the emergence stage the roots health status was the lowest in organic system however in the end of vegetation season, in dough maturity stage the most disease symptoms were stated in conventional system. The mycological analyses revealed the occurrence of two important pathogens: <i>Bipolaris sorokiniana</i> and <i>Fusarium</i> spp. Despite of root healthiness macroscopic analyses showed their lower health status in organic system only in emergence stage and the most quantity of plants with disease symptoms in dough maturity stage were observed in conventional system, but pathogens like <i>Bipolaris sorokiniana</i> and <i>Fusarium</i> spp. were mostly isolated in organic system in both phases. It can suggest that disease symptoms in conventional system can be caused by different than fungus factors. The lowest percent of mentioned pathogens was stated in integrated system. It is worth to notice that organic conditions could be favourable to <i>Gliocladium roseum</i>. Because of growing interest in ecology, giving up of using pesticides and more and more popular biological disease control, these fungi of <i>Gliocladium</i> genus be used in this system due to their antagonistic properties.

scholarly journals Yield reduction caused by a soil-borne disease of naked, dwarf, and conventional oat in Finland

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-483
Author(s):  
Pirjo Peltonen-Sainio ◽  
Jari P. T. Valkonen ◽  
Hilkka Koponen
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Warm Weather ◽  
The University ◽  
Field Plots

A severe disease occurred in the field plots of naked (cv. Salomon), dwarf (cv. Pal), and conventional oat (cvs. Jalostettu maatiainen and Salo) at the Viikki Experimental Farm of the University of Helsinki, Finland, in 1994 and 1995. Symptoms were expressed as grayish-brown necrotic areas on the lower leaves which killed plants from the seedling to heading stage, the effect being cultivar dependent. The proportion of plants killed contributed to the yield losses. The infection also resulted in less grains per panicle and lower weight of both panicle and vegetative above-ground biomass. From a total of 57 fungal isolates obtained from infected leaves, Fusarium culmorum (W.G.Sm.) Sacc. and F. sambucinum Fuck, dominated and subsequently caused infection (particularly foot and root rot) in oat in laboratory tests. These two Fusarium spp. were considered to be the primary causal agents of the symptoms observed in the field, although other pathogens may have been present. The disease was probably soil-borne. The results of this study suggested that the unusually dry and warm weather during late June and in July was the principal factor behind the severe disease outbreak.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document