scholarly journals Effect of iodine deficiency on the reproductive performance of female rats and the viability and growth rate of their progeny

1970 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-145
Author(s):  
Vappu Kossila ◽  
Ritva Myllymaa
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Body Tissues

The experimental period was apparently too short and the number of rats too small to demonstrate a significant effect of iodine deficiency on some indices of reproduction of the females and the growth rate of their progeny. It was found, however, that iodine deficiency: a) delayed significantly the conception of the second generation females (C2) (Table 3) but was quite ineffective in the first generation females (B1, C1) (Tables 2 & 4), b) did not significantly affect the number of pups dropped or their birth weight, c) increased pup mortality during suckling period, d) tended to decrease the weight of the female sex organs of adult rats (Table 5), e) increased the absolute thyroid weight more rapidly in young growing rats than in old fullgrown rats (Tables 3, 4 & 5), and more rapidly in growing males than females, f) decreased significantly and progressively the PBI level in the serum of adult females which had pregnancies and lactations, g) obviously adversely affected the milk secretion of C1 rats during their second lactation on iodine deficient diet (Experiment II) as judged from the growth rate of their pups during 0—15 days after birth, h) did not adversely affect the growth rate of the suckling offspring of the dams during their first lactation on iodine deficient diet (Tables 3 & 4), i) did not significantly affect the rate of gain of the young rats from weaning up to 60-days of age. The rats transferred from iodine deficient to commercial diet at weaning had larger body weights and smaller thyroids at the age of 60 days than their litter mates remaining on an iodine deficient diet (Table 4). There is of course a possibility that the commercial diet was more palatable than the semisynthetic diet. It is also possible that the iodine deficiency activated the thyroid during the preweaning period and that after the transfer to iodine containing commercial diet at weaning, more thyroxine was secreted from preactivated glands compared to thyroids of the controls or thyroids of the rats kept on an iodine deficident diet throughout the growth period. Thyroid hormones are required for normal growth. A hypothyroid condition favours the accumulation of water and fat into the body tissues and may by this way result in an increase of the body weight. ln this study, however, no attempt was made to estimate the fat content of the body of the experimental rats.

scholarly journals Lesions produced by copper deficiency in neonate and older rats

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Hall ◽  
J. McC. Howell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Congenital Abnormalities ◽  
Marked Effect ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Cu Deficiency

1. Three groups of rats of different mean weights were given a diet of milk treated with hydrogen sulphide and supplemented with copper-free minerals and vitamins. Also divided into three groups of similar weights were rats given the same diet supplemented with 500 μg Cu/week and stock rats which were given a commercial diet.2. In a second experiment eight adult female rats were given the Cu-deficient diet for 2 weeks before mating and during pregnancy, and in a third experiment were mated and immediately after mating were given the Cu-deficient diet or the Cu-supplemented diet.3. Cu deficiency reduced the growth rate of younger rats but had a much less marked effect on the weight of more mature rats. Achromotrichia appeared at 5 weeks; diarrhoea, with the faeces frequently containing undigested blood, and subcutaneous oedema were terminal changes. Deaths occurred in the youngest group of rats after 9 weeks and later in heavier, older rats.4. Histological changes were seen in livers, spleens, testes and epididymes but not in blood vessels or bones.5. Pups were not born to mothers given the deficient diet before mating, and the pups from mothers given the deficient diet only during pregnancy were born dead or showed congenital abnormalities.6. Foetal and liver Cu concentrations for the various groups of animals are given.7. Maintenance of the foetus appears to be the biological process most susceptible to Cu deficiency in the rat.

Effect of exercise on the onset of puberty, gonadotropins, and ovarian inhibin

1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 1165-1173 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Pellerin-Massicotte ◽  
G. R. Brisson ◽  
C. St-Pierre ◽  
P. Rioux ◽  
D. Rajotte
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Vaginal Opening ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Middle Point ◽  
Critical Weight ◽  
Ovarian Inhibin

Swimming 6 h/day from 11 days of age led to a significant delay of the onset of puberty of female rats compared with the sedentary group. Rats who were in contact with water but without the energy expenditure due to exercise (paddlers) had their vaginal opening in a middle point between control and exercising rats. Vaginal opening occurred at different ages but at a same body weight. Exercise and stress led to a marked decrease of the body weights between 19 and 40 days of age. Serum luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone were increased with the exercise program at 30 days of age, whereas no significant differences between groups in serum gonadotropins were observed at 50 days of age. Only the anterior pituitary luteinizing hormone content was increased by exercise in adult rats. Total ovarian proteins were significantly reduced by stress and to a greater degree by exercise. Ovarian inhibin activity is not modified by exercise at 30 days of age, whereas it increased significantly in the exercising group at 50 days of age and to a lesser degree in paddlers. It is therefore suggested that the onset of puberty in rats is dependent on a critical weight and that exercise and stress can delay the onset of puberty. This delay could be explained by a deficiency of hormonal maturational process while exercising until sexual maturity alters the inhibin activity, which suggests that inhibin could play a major role for the normal reproductive function and this could possibly explain the menstrual disturbances in the female athlete.

scholarly journals Modelling the growth of the brown frog (Rana dybowskii)

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Tong ◽  
Xiao-peng Du ◽  
Zong-fu Hu ◽  
Li-yong Cui ◽  
Hong-bin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
Polynomial Models ◽  
Brown Frog ◽  
Rana Dybowskii

Well-controlled development leads to uniform body size and a better growth rate; therefore, the ability to determine the growth rate of frogs and their period of sexual maturity is essential for producing healthy, high-quality descendant frogs. To establish a working model that can best predict the growth performance of frogs, the present study examined the growth of one-year-old and two-year-old brown frogs (Rana dybowskii) from metamorphosis to hibernation (18 weeks) and out-hibernation to hibernation (20 weeks) under the same environmental conditions. Brown frog growth was studied and mathematically modelled using various nonlinear, linear, and polynomial functions. The model input values were statistically evaluated using parameters such as the Akaike’s information criterion. The body weight/size ratio (Kwl) and Fulton’s condition factor (K) were used to compare the weight and size of groups of frogs during the growth period. The results showed that the third- and fourth-order polynomial models provided the most consistent predictions of body weight for age 1 and age 2 brown frogs, respectively. Both the Gompertz and third-order polynomial models yielded similarly adequate results for the body size of age 1 brown frogs, while the Janoschek model produced a similarly adequate result for the body size of age 2 brown frogs. The Brody and Janoschek models yielded the highest and lowest estimates of asymptotic weight, respectively, for the body weights of all frogs. TheKwlvalue of all frogs increased from 0.40 to 3.18. TheKvalue of age 1 frogs decreased from 23.81 to 9.45 in the first four weeks. TheKvalue of age 2 frogs remained close to 10. Graphically, a sigmoidal trend was observed for body weight and body size with increasing age. The results of this study will be useful not only for amphibian research but also for frog farming management strategies and decisions.

BLOOD AMINO ACID STUDIES: II. EFFECTS OF DIETARY LYSINE CONCENTRATION, SEX, AND GROWTH RATE ON PLASMA FREE LYSINE AND THREONINE LEVELS IN THE RAT

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 1675-1680 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Morrison ◽  
E. J. Middleton ◽  
J. M. McLaughlan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Lysine Concentration

Plasma free lysine levels of growing female rats given a lysine-deficient diet supplemented with graded amounts of lysine were higher than those of males. In both sexes, plasma free lysine values rose rapidly in response to added dietary lysine, and reached a maximum at a dietary lysine concentration of approximately 1.0%. This amount of dietary lysine was about 0.2% greater than that found necessary for maximum growth. Male rats given diets containing rapeseed oil and graded amounts of lysine showed reduced growth and lower plasma lysine and threonine levels as compared to animals given similar diets containing corn oil, but the amount of dietary lysine required for maximum plasma lysine levels was not influenced by the growth rate. Plasma free threonine levels showed a reciprocal relationship with those for lysine. It was concluded that measurement of the ratio between plasma free lysine and threonine levels may provide a sensitive indication of the adequacy of the dietary lysine content.

scholarly journals Goitre or Iodine deficiency disorder – there is more than meets the eye

JMS SKIMS ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Shariq R Masoodi
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Brain Damage ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Body ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorder

THIS ARTICLE HAS NO ABSTRACT (FIRST 100 WORDS OF THE ARTICLE ARE DISPLAYED): Iodine deficiency is the world's most widespread, yet easily preventable, cause of brain damage. Iodine is an essential element that is needed for the production of thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) which are essential for the normal growth and development, and well being of all humans. Iodine was discovered by Courtois in 1811 as a violet vapor arising from seaweed ash while manufacturing gunpowder for Napoleon's army. Gay-Lussac identified it as a new element, and named it iodine, from the Greek for “violet.” Iodine was found in the thyroid gland by 1 Baumann in 1895. The body does. JMS 2012;15(1):1-3.

Effects of hysterectomy and uterine extracts on growth hormone, somatomedin, prolactin, thyrotrophin and thyroid hormones in adult rats

1983 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bíró ◽  
E. M. Ritzén ◽  
K. Hall ◽  
P. Eneroth
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Plasma Gh

Abstract. Plasma concentrations and anterior pituitary content of growth hormone (rGH), thyroid stimulating hormone (rTSH), and rat prolactin (rPrl) as well as the plasma concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and somatomedin A (SM-A) have been determined in intact, castrated or hysterectomized adult rats with and without treatment with steroid-free, crude uterine extracts. Hysterectomy caused a significant increase in the plasma GH but decrease in the plasma TSH concentrations. Injection of crude, steroid-free uterine extracts for 14 days had the following effects: decreased plasma GH concentration of intact rat and anterior pituitary GH content of both intact and castrated animals; increased plasma TSH and T3 concentrations above the ovariectomized control; decreased pituitary content of prolactin in castrated rats. The plasma levels of immunoreactive somatomedins A were negatively correlated to the plasma GH concentrations but positively correlated to the body weight. It was concluded that the uterus is not only a target for different endocrine influences but contains biologically active, non-steroidal substances which have a complex effect on the endocrine system of adult, female rats.

Effect of different levels of chromium nicotinate on growth performance and antibody titre responses to Newcastle and Avian Influenza disease in heat-stressed broiler chicks

2006 ◽  
Vol 2006 ◽  
pp. 35-35
Author(s):  
M Toghyani ◽  
M Shivazad ◽  
S H Zarkesh ◽  
A A Gheisari
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Chromium Nicotinate ◽  
Different Levels

High ambient temperature reduces feed intake, live weight gain, and feed efficiency (Siegel, 1995), thus negatively influencing the performance of broilers. Heat stress has also been shown to suppress immune responses of broiler. Chromium is an essential nutrient required to promote the action of insulin in body tissues so that the body can use sugars, proteins and fats. Cr deficiency can disrupt carbohydrate and protein metabolism, reduce insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues and impair growth rate (Vincent, 2000).Chromium is important in altering the immune response by immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive processes as shown by its effects on T and B lymphocytes, macrophages and cytokine production. Dietary chromium supplementation has been reported to have a positive effect on growth rate and feed efficiency of growing poultry under stress conditions (Sahin et al., 2002). Another reason for supplementing chromium is due to the fact that chromium is excreted excessively during stress (Anderson, 1994). Also the dietary requirement of livestock for chromium has not been defined yet (NRC, 1997). This study was to investigate the effects of different levels of Cr nicotinate on the growth performance and antibody titres against Newcastle and Influenza disease in broilers.

Effects of metyrapone and etomidate on adrenal function and growth rate in female rats

1987 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. N. Sillence ◽  
R. G. Rodway
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Peak Plasma ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Stimulatory Action ◽  
Old Rats

ABSTRACT Two inhibitors of adrenal steroidogenesis were examined to determine whether the growth rate of female rats could be improved by lowering circulating plasma corticosterone concentrations. The first inhibitor, etomidate, is a potent narcotic agent and was found to have no effect on plasma corticosterone and deoxycorticosterone (DOC) concentrations at sub-narcotic doses. Growth rate, food intake, food conversion efficiency and adrenal weight were also unaffected by the drug. The second inhibitor, metyrapone, was shown in acute studies to have two distinct actions. In 6-week-old female rats moderate doses of metyrapone (50 mg/kg) had a stimulatory action resulting in increased plasma DOC and corticosterone concentrations. Higher doses of metyrapone (150–300 mg/kg) were increasingly less selective, causing an increase in plasma concentration of DOC, but attenuating the increase in corticosterone concentration, presumably by inhibiting the 11β-hydroxylase enzyme which allows the conversion of DOC to corticosterone. In adult rats (>12 weeks old) the classical response to metyrapone was observed. Plasma DOC concentrations were increased, while corticosterone levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. In 5-week-old rats treated chronically, metyrapone (300 mg/kg) had no effect on plasma corticosterone, but increased plasma DOC concentration, depressed food intake and reduced growth rate. In 8-week-old rats treated chronically, the high dose of metyrapone (300 mg/kg) required to lower peak plasma corticosterone concentrations produced toxic effects resulting in the death of three animals. The remaining animals recovered rapidly, and gained more weight than controls over the final 6 days of the experiment. However, this experiment was terminated before the treated animals were able to catch up with the controls. Inverse correlations were found between both plasma corticosterone and DOC concentrations and growth rate, confirming that growth may be retarded by the glucocorticoids and that inhibition of their production may be of potential use in stimulating growth. Neither of the agents tested in the present study, however, are likely to be future candidates as growth promoters. J. Endocr. (1987) 113, 473–478

scholarly journals WOOL AND BODY GROWTH IN LAMBS DURING THE FIRST 14 MONTHS OF LIFE

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Slen ◽  
E. C. Banky
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Quadratic Function ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Daily Rate ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fleece Weight

Data from 290 grade Corriedale sheep, ranging from 1 to 428 days of age, were used to study the relationships between age and the following characteristics: body weight, staple length, fibre thickness, and clean fleece weight. The difference between means and regressions for sex and type of birth also were evaluated.Body weights increased during the growth period from 50 to 428 days of age but, after 300 days, approached constancy asymptotically. The body weights of single lambs were greater (p <.01) than those of twins; also, wethers were heavier than females at all ages. The average daily rate of gain was higher, though not significantly, for singles and wethers than for twins and females, respectively. However, in the single lambs, the difference in rate of gain between wethers and ewes was significant (p <.05).Staple lengths snowed a declining growth rate with progressing age whereas fibre cross-sectional area showed a linear increase.The increase in clean fleece weight with age was expressed by a quadratic function. The difference in fleece weights between sexes were negligible and the rates of increase were essentially the same. However, there were significant differences (p <.01) in means and regressions between singles and twins.

scholarly journals Effects of Hydro-alcoholic Extract of Pumpkin Seeds on Oogenesis Pathway, Liver, and Kidney of Female Rats : The Effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of pumpkin

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Alcoholic Extract ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Pumpkin Seed ◽  
Immature Rats ◽  
Pumpkin Seeds ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Experimental Group

Background and Objectives: Pumpkin seed extract can be a good alternative to hormone replacement therapy since it is rich in phytoestrogens. In this regard, the present research aimed to investigate the effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of pumpkin seeds on the oogenesis pathway, liver, and kidney of female rats. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was performed on 64 Wistar female rats (including 32 adults and 32 immature rats). The adult rats were randomly divided into three experimental and one control groups (n=8 per group). Moreover, the immature rats were allocated to groups in a similar manner. The experimental groups 1, 2, and 3 received a hydro-alcoholic extract of pumpkin seed in doses of 20, 50, 100 mg/kg, respectively, via intraperitoneal injection for 21 consecutive days. For the purposes of the study, blood samples were taken one day after the last injection to determine the serum levels of female hormones as well as renal and hepatic factors. The ovaries, livers, and kidneys of the rats were also separated for histological tests. Results: Based on the results, significant increases were observed in the bodyweight of all immature rats; estrogen levels in the adult experimental group 3 and immature experimental groups 2 and 3; progesterone and creatinine levels in the immature experimental group 3; aspartate aminotransferase, total protein, unstable angina (UA), and the renal diameter in the immature experimental groups 1 and 2; follicle-stimulating hormone in the adult experimental group 3 and the immature experimental groups 1 and 2; luteinizing hormone and Graafian follicles in the adult experimental group 3; and atretic follicles in the immature experimental group 1 and 3 (P<0.05). Moreover, significant decreases were observed in the alkaline phosphatase in the adult experimental group 3; total protein, UA, and renal diameter in the immature experimental group 3; diameters of proximal and distal tubule as well as Henle’s loop in all immature rats; diameter of glomerular in the immature experimental groups 1 and 2; diameter of the renal cortex, glomerular, and Bowman's capsule in the adult experimental groups 2 and 3; secondary follicles in the adult experimental group 1, immature experimental groups 1 and 3; and primitive and early follicles in all the adult rats, compared with the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the pumpkin seeds provide the nutritional needs of the body at the onset of sexual maturity, prepare the body for sexual maturity, and regulate female sex hormones without having adverse effects on the hepatic tissues. However, it must be noted that its consumption at the onset of sexual maturity requires dosage determination and further studies.

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