BLOOD AMINO ACID STUDIES: II. EFFECTS OF DIETARY LYSINE CONCENTRATION, SEX, AND GROWTH RATE ON PLASMA FREE LYSINE AND THREONINE LEVELS IN THE RAT

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 1675-1680 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Morrison ◽  
E. J. Middleton ◽  
J. M. McLaughlan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Lysine Concentration

Plasma free lysine levels of growing female rats given a lysine-deficient diet supplemented with graded amounts of lysine were higher than those of males. In both sexes, plasma free lysine values rose rapidly in response to added dietary lysine, and reached a maximum at a dietary lysine concentration of approximately 1.0%. This amount of dietary lysine was about 0.2% greater than that found necessary for maximum growth. Male rats given diets containing rapeseed oil and graded amounts of lysine showed reduced growth and lower plasma lysine and threonine levels as compared to animals given similar diets containing corn oil, but the amount of dietary lysine required for maximum plasma lysine levels was not influenced by the growth rate. Plasma free threonine levels showed a reciprocal relationship with those for lysine. It was concluded that measurement of the ratio between plasma free lysine and threonine levels may provide a sensitive indication of the adequacy of the dietary lysine content.

Investigation of the effects of bisphenol-A exposure on lymphoid system in prenatal stage

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 502-513
Author(s):  
Işil Aydemir ◽  
Caner Özbey ◽  
Oktay Özkan ◽  
Şadiye Kum ◽  
Mehmet İbrahim Tuğlu
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Organ Function ◽  
Pregnant Rats

Bisphenol-A (BPA) used in the production of plastic materials is a temperature-soluble agent. It also has a steroid hormone-like activity; therefore, it poses a danger to human health. In our study, we aimed to investigate the effects of BPA on lymph node and spleen in male rats exposed to this agent during prenatal stage. The pregnant female rats were divided into four groups: control, sham, low dose (300 µg/kg BPA), and high dose (900 µg/kg BPA). BPA was dissolved in 1 mL of corn oil and administered to the pregnant rats every day during pregnancy. On the 21st and 45th day after the birth, male rats’ lymph node and spleen samples were taken and histopathological examination was performed. Samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin to determine the general histological appearance, and with CD3 and CD20 immunohistochemically. The results of staining were evaluated by H-score, and statistical analysis was performed. In the samples, BPA applications were not found to cause significant tissue damage. But there was a significant decrease in the immunoreactivities of CD3 and CD20 after BPA applications in both 21st and 45th day samples. After high dose BPA administration, decreased CD3 immunoreactivity was statistically significant. It is thought that BPA does not cause histologically significant tissue damage, but it may impair organ function at cellular level. The investigation of molecules involved in organ function will be useful in revealing the mechanisms that will cause dysfunction.

scholarly journals RESPONSE OF MALE AND FEMALE WEANLING RATS TO DIETS OF DIFFERENT DIGESTIBLE ENERGY CONCENTRATIONS AND TO SUPPLEMENTATION WITH VITAMIN E, USING BARLEY OR WHEAT AS CEREAL SOURCES

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. O’GRADY ◽  
J. P. BOWLAND
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Weanling Rats ◽  
Better Than

Sixty-four weanling rats were used in an experiment lasting 6 weeks to test the response of male and female rats to diets having 2.8, 3.0, 3.2, and 3.4 Mcal digestible energy (DE) per kg, where barley and wheat were used as the cereal sources and diets were supplemented with 22 IU vitamin E/kg or unsupplemented. The use of wheat or barley did not influence the performance of female rats but males utilized barley-based diets better than wheat diets and gained more in some weeks, though not overall. Male rats did not respond to vitamin E supplementation but females consumed more of the vitamin E-supplemented diets and grew 6% faster (P < 0.10). Except in the 1st week, females ate more of the lower energy than of the higher energy diets and so DE concentration did not influence rate of gain. Males were not able to adjust food intakes to compensate for dietary energy levels and needed a DE concentration of 3.2 Mcal/kg diet for maximum growth. The data indicate that there is a sex difference in growing rats insofar as DE concentration of the diet required for maximum gain is concerned.

scholarly journals Effect of iodine deficiency on the reproductive performance of female rats and the viability and growth rate of their progeny

1970 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-145
Author(s):  
Vappu Kossila ◽  
Ritva Myllymaa
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Body Tissues

The experimental period was apparently too short and the number of rats too small to demonstrate a significant effect of iodine deficiency on some indices of reproduction of the females and the growth rate of their progeny. It was found, however, that iodine deficiency: a) delayed significantly the conception of the second generation females (C2) (Table 3) but was quite ineffective in the first generation females (B1, C1) (Tables 2 & 4), b) did not significantly affect the number of pups dropped or their birth weight, c) increased pup mortality during suckling period, d) tended to decrease the weight of the female sex organs of adult rats (Table 5), e) increased the absolute thyroid weight more rapidly in young growing rats than in old fullgrown rats (Tables 3, 4 & 5), and more rapidly in growing males than females, f) decreased significantly and progressively the PBI level in the serum of adult females which had pregnancies and lactations, g) obviously adversely affected the milk secretion of C1 rats during their second lactation on iodine deficient diet (Experiment II) as judged from the growth rate of their pups during 0—15 days after birth, h) did not adversely affect the growth rate of the suckling offspring of the dams during their first lactation on iodine deficient diet (Tables 3 & 4), i) did not significantly affect the rate of gain of the young rats from weaning up to 60-days of age. The rats transferred from iodine deficient to commercial diet at weaning had larger body weights and smaller thyroids at the age of 60 days than their litter mates remaining on an iodine deficient diet (Table 4). There is of course a possibility that the commercial diet was more palatable than the semisynthetic diet. It is also possible that the iodine deficiency activated the thyroid during the preweaning period and that after the transfer to iodine containing commercial diet at weaning, more thyroxine was secreted from preactivated glands compared to thyroids of the controls or thyroids of the rats kept on an iodine deficident diet throughout the growth period. Thyroid hormones are required for normal growth. A hypothyroid condition favours the accumulation of water and fat into the body tissues and may by this way result in an increase of the body weight. ln this study, however, no attempt was made to estimate the fat content of the body of the experimental rats.

The Subchronic Oral Toxicity of Ethane, 1,2-Bis(pentabromophenyl) (Saytex 8010) in Rats

2002 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Hardy ◽  
D. Margitich ◽  
L. Ackerman ◽  
R. L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Corn Oil ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Effect Level

Ethane, 1,2-bis(pentabromophenyl) (EBP; CAS no. 8452–53–9) dose levels of 0, 100, 320 and 1000 mg/kg/day administered to rats by gavage in corn oil for 90 consecutive days produced no compound-related clinical signs of systemic toxicity, ocular lesions, or alterations in urinalysis, clinical chemistry, and hematology values in the treated or recovery groups. No biologically or toxicologically significant differences were observed in body weights, body weight gains, and food consumption. Statistically significant differences were found between control and high-dose animals in mean absolute or relative liver weights. Histomorphological evaluation showed in male rats low-grade liver changes consisting of minimal to slight hepatocellular vacuolation (high-dose males) and minimal to slight centrilobular hepatocytomegaly (high- and possibly mid-dose males). These changes had resolved by the end of the 28-day recovery period. No treatment-related changes were found in the livers of female rats. No treatment-related histomorphologic changes were present in any of the other tissues examined in either sex, except for evidence of aspirated test article in individual rats. The 90-day EBP no-adverse-effect level in the rat was 1000 mg/kg/day, and was consistent with that of the preceding 28-day study (no-effect level 1250 mg/kg/day). EBP's lack of toxicity is likely related to poor bioavailability due to its high molecular weight and low solubility.

Gender difference in baroreflex-mediated bradycardia in young rats: role of cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic components

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 358-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdel A Abdel-Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Baroreflex Sensitivity ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Beta Adrenergic ◽  
Conscious Rats ◽  
Young Rats

In a previous clinical study we have demonstrated a significantly lower baroreflex-mediated bradycardic response in young women compared with men. The present study determined whether sexual dimorphism in baroreflex sensitivity in young rats also covers the reflex tachycardic response. The study was then extended to test the hypothesis that an attenuated cardiac cholinergic component of the baroreflex heart rate response in females may account for the gender difference. Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was expressed as the regression coefficient of the reciprocal relationship between evoked changes in blood pressure and heart rate. BRS measured in conscious rats with phenylephrine (BRSPE) and nitroprusside (BRSNP) represented the reflex bradycardic and tachycardic responses, respectively. Female rats exhibited significantly lower BRSPE compared with male rats (-1.53 ± 0.1 vs. -2.36 ± 0.13 beats·min-1·mmHg-1; p < 0.05) but similar BRSNP (-2.60 ± 0.20 vs. -2.29 ± 0.17 beats·min-1·mmHg-1). Blockade of cardiac muscarinic receptors with atropine methyl bromide elicited greater attenuation of BRSPE in male than in female rats (72 ± 4.6 vs. 53 ± 6.7% inhibition; p < 0.01) and abolished the gender difference. In male rats cardiac muscarinic blockade attenuated BRSPE significantly more than did cardiac beta-adrenergic receptor blockade with propranolol (72 ± 4.6 vs. 43 ± 2.7; p < 0.01), which suggests greater dependence of BRSPE on the parasympathetic component. In females, muscarinic and beta-adrenergic blockade elicited similar attenuation of BRSPE. The findings suggest that (i) BRS is differentially influenced by gender; female rats exhibit substantially lower BRSPE but similar BRSNP compared with age-matched male rats and (ii) the sexual dimorphism in BRSPE results, at least partly, from a smaller increase in vagal outflow to the heart in response to baroreceptor activation.Key words: gender difference, baroreflex sensitivity, vagal outflow, conscious rats.

scholarly journals Role of Age and Sex in Chronic Thyroiditis in Rats Fed 3'-Methyl-4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene

1976 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Reuber ◽  
E. L. Glover
Keyword(s):  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Chronic Thyroiditis ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Age And Sex

Inbred male and female Buffalo strain rats were started at 4, 8, 12, 24, or 52 weeks of age on 0.06% 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene in a low-protein, choline-deficient diet. Eight-week-old males and females were the most susceptible to the development of chronic thyroiditis, but females were more susceptible than the males. Female rats of other ages developed a slightly higher incidence of thyroiditis than the male rats, the difference being most noticeable for rats 12 weeks old.

Estrogen and prothrombin synthesis: effect of estrogen on absorption of vitamin K1

1977 ◽  
Vol 232 (1) ◽  
pp. H12-H17 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Jolly ◽  
C. Craig ◽  
T. E. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Vitamin K1 ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Castrate Male ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats

Intact male and female albino rats fed a vitamin K-deficient diet develop a plasma prothrombin-proconvertin deficiency. Male rats respond with a precipitous drop to approximately 20–30% of normal plasma levels within 2–5 days, whereas female rats respond at a slower rate. Ethynylestradiol, 5–10 mug/day, or castration, reduces the progressive decline of plasma prothrombin-proconvertin seen in nonsupplemented intact male rats. The response of castrate females differs little from the response of intact females. Ethynylestradiol, 5–10 mug/day, affects both castrate males and females similarly, limiting the prothrombin-proconvertin decrease to about 13% below control value after 14 days. Intestinal absorption of vitamin K1 measured in the thoracic duct lymph of pentobarbital-anesthetized castrate male and female rats was shown to increase significantly after estrogen treatment. Estrogen-treated castrate male and female rats absorbed 25.8 mug and 11.8 mug vitamin K1, respectively. Nontreated control castrate male and female rats absorbed 0.0 mug and 1.2 mug, respectively, during a 240-min collection period. Use of radioactive vitamin K1 in similar experiments confirmed these results. Estrogen-treated castrate males absorbed vitamin K1 at the rate of 30-40 mug/g lymph whereas nontreated control males absorbed only about 6 mug/g lymph.

scholarly journals Lesions produced by copper deficiency in neonate and older rats

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Hall ◽  
J. McC. Howell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Congenital Abnormalities ◽  
Marked Effect ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Cu Deficiency

1. Three groups of rats of different mean weights were given a diet of milk treated with hydrogen sulphide and supplemented with copper-free minerals and vitamins. Also divided into three groups of similar weights were rats given the same diet supplemented with 500 μg Cu/week and stock rats which were given a commercial diet.2. In a second experiment eight adult female rats were given the Cu-deficient diet for 2 weeks before mating and during pregnancy, and in a third experiment were mated and immediately after mating were given the Cu-deficient diet or the Cu-supplemented diet.3. Cu deficiency reduced the growth rate of younger rats but had a much less marked effect on the weight of more mature rats. Achromotrichia appeared at 5 weeks; diarrhoea, with the faeces frequently containing undigested blood, and subcutaneous oedema were terminal changes. Deaths occurred in the youngest group of rats after 9 weeks and later in heavier, older rats.4. Histological changes were seen in livers, spleens, testes and epididymes but not in blood vessels or bones.5. Pups were not born to mothers given the deficient diet before mating, and the pups from mothers given the deficient diet only during pregnancy were born dead or showed congenital abnormalities.6. Foetal and liver Cu concentrations for the various groups of animals are given.7. Maintenance of the foetus appears to be the biological process most susceptible to Cu deficiency in the rat.

scholarly journals Bisphenol a Hormonal Disrupture and Preventive Effect of Rose Water and Clove Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 8780-8803
Keyword(s):  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Clove Oil ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

Bisphenol A (BPA) which considered synthetic estrogen that is an essential component of many plastic industries. This research was done to see the impacts of exposure of BPA on reproductive organs and hormonal levels in male and female albino Sprague-Dawley rats. The protective effect of rose water and clove oil on BPA was investigated. Ninety rats were divided into 18 groups, 9 groups of males and they are like for females. Rats were exposed to different oral gavage route 3 times a week by doses of BPA (20 µg, 20 mg, 200 mg) /kg b.wt for 6 weeks and BPA was solubilized in corn oil. BPA induced a significant decrease in total and free testosterone in male rats, in contrast to a significant increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), progesterone, estrogen (E2), and prolactin (PRL), while a decrease in Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) compared to control groups. Histopathological examination revealed that rosewater and clove oil reduced testes and ovary damages induced by BPA. Rosewater and clove oil components were scanned using GC/MS, which showed that rosewater and clove oil contains phenols, flavonoids, and these inevitably confirm that a prominent role in preventing the damage during treatment. Results indicated that the used doses of BPA disrupted the sex hormone levels in both male and female rats caused reproductive impaired. The chemical and histopathological analysis results indicated that clove oil and rose water improved the adverse effect of BPA. Rosewater and clove oil improved the changes which were stimulated by BPA.

Cholesteryl ester depletion from the ovaries of superovulated female rats fed a normal or essential fatty acid deficient diet

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela K. Young ◽  
Brian L. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Cholesteryl Ester ◽  
Essential Fatty Acid ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Ovarian Tissue ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Unit Mass ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Cholesteryl Ester Content

The cholesteryl ester content of the ovaries was determined in rats fed diets containing corn oil or hydrogenated coconut oil (essential fatty acid (EFA) deficient) and subjected to superovulation by injection of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. Superovulation increased ovarian weight; the effect was greater in animals fed corn oil. Superovulation significantly decreased total ovarian cholesteryl ester concentration in animals fed corn oil, with disproportionately large decreases occurring in the esters of 20:1, 20:2, 22:5ω6, and 22:6ω3. Significant decreases were observed in these esters when the data were expressed on a unit mass of tissue basis or in relation to total ovarian mass. In superovulated, EFA-deficient rats, esters of 18:1, 20:1, 22:5ω6, and 22:6ω3 were significantly lower per unit mass of tissue but this was due, in all cases except that of 22:6ω3, to the increased mass of ovarian tissue; there was no decrease in total esters per ovary weight during superovulation of deficient rats. The pattern and degree of selective changes in ovarian cholesteryl esters during superovulation were different from those previously reported for adrenal esters of stresssd rats.

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