On the content of cell-wall constituents in various plant materials

1965 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-134
Author(s):  
Maija-Liisa Salo ◽  
Terttu Mäkinen
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Cell Wall Composition ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Plant Parts

In this investigation, analyses were made of the contents of hemicellulose, cellulose, crude lignin, crude protein and ash in 43 different plant materials. In addition, the proportions of various sugar anhydrides in the hemicellulose fraction were determined. The carbohydrate analyses were made by hydrolysing to monosaccharides, except for the uronic anhydrides, which were determined by the decarboxylation method. The sum of the cell-wall constituents thus determined was subsequently compared with Paloheimo’s membrane substances and crude fibre. Large variations in the cell-wall composition were found between different plant materials. Furthermore, there were large differences in the solubility of the cell-wall substances of different plant materials in the hydrolysing procedures used in determinations of membrane substances and crude fibre. The hemicellulose composition of different species in the same genus and even in the same family was found to be similar in definite plant parts and at definite growth stages. This appears to be a generic characteristic in the chemical taxonomy of plants.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition of the Above-ground Biomass of Amaranthus cruentus and A. hypochondriacus

2006 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Písaříková ◽  
J. Peterka ◽  
M. Trčková ◽  
J. Moudrý ◽  
Z. Zralý ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Amaranthus Cruentus ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Extract Content ◽  
Gross Energy

Forty samples of dry above-ground biomass of two species and four varieties of Amaranthus cruentus (varieties Olpir, Amar 2 RR-R 150, and A 200 D) and A. hypochondriacus (variety No. 1008) were analyzed to determine their nutritional value during the experimental period covering five growth stages since inflorescence emergence till full ripening of grain from day 80 to day 120 of cultivation. The content of crude protein in the investigated amaranth varieties significantly decreased (from 158.2 ± 1.20 - 185.4 ± 2.33 to 103.8 ± 1.20 - 113.1 ± 0.01 g/kg) as well as did the crude ash content (from 169.9 ± 0.14 - 192.2 ± 0.42 to 129.7 ± 0.14 - 138.4 ± 0.21 g/kg). In contrast, the ether extract content significantly increased (from 12.2 ± 0.14 - 15.9 ± 0.28 to 28.0 ± 0.28 - 36.4 ± 0.14 g/kg) as well as crude fibre (from 144.9 ± 2.12 - 170.0 ± 3.68 to 183.6 ± 7.00 - 276.0 ± 1.20 g/kg), and gross-energy (from 16.6 ± 0.03 - 17.2 ± 0.07 to 18.1 ± 0.14 - 18.4 ± 0.01 MJ/kg) between days 80 and 120 of cultivation. The relatively high content of crude protein in the aboveground biomass in the period between days 80 and 90 of cultivation suggests that the plants could be used as a nutrient substitute for conventional forages.

scholarly journals The effect of development stage on chemical composition of alfalfa leaf and stem

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (5-6-2) ◽  
pp. 383-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Markovic ◽  
J. Radovic ◽  
Z. Lugic ◽  
D. Sokolovic
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Alfalfa Leaf ◽  
Medicago Sativa L

Content of crude protein and cell wall constituents in leaves and stems of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cv K-22 with advancing maturity was investigated. Sampling was done in 7-day intervals in second cut. During growth and development, crude protein content decreased in leaves and stems, from 332,6 to 328,8 gkg-1DM and from 138,6 to 122,0 gkg-1DM, respectively. From first to third development stage, content of ADF in leaves and stems increased, from 352,0 to 476,7 gkg-1DM and from 592,8 to 867,1 gkg-1DM, respectively. Highest contents of ADF and hemicellulose was stated in plant parts in third development stage, in leaves 187,4 and 289,3 gkg-1DM, and in stems 499,4 and 367,7 gkg-1DM. The highest changes of lignin contents are in stems, while content of lignin in leaves increased from 42,0 to 49,0 gkg-1DM.

scholarly journals Extraction of leaf protein from green crops. Chemical composition and nutritive value of products of fractionation 

1983 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-154
Author(s):  
Matti Näsi
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Protein Solubility ◽  
Leaf Protein ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
True Protein

Leaf protein was extracted from different green crops in 11 pilot plant esperiments. Of the crops, 4 were grass, 6 clover and one pea. The extraction of juice was on average 55 % of the fresh weight of the green crop and the values for dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) were 22.6 and 24.1 %. Clover gave better recoveries of protein than grass. In the leaf protein concentrate (LPC) obtained from the juice, the separation ratios for DM, CP and TP (true protein) were, respectively, 23.7 %, 48.0 and 80.7 %. Heating to 85°C gave more efficient recoveries of LPC than the combination of heating and acid precipitation. The average DM content of the pressed pulp was 30.4 %, the corresponding value for the whole crop being 16.5 %. Measured on a DM basis, the CP content of the pressed pulp was only 0.4 % units lower than in untreated forage, but the crude fibre content was 7.3 % units higher. In vitro organic matter digestibility and the pepsin-HCI solubility of crude protein were on average 5.1 and 5.5 % units lower in the pulp. The average DM of the plant juice was 6.5 % and contained 21.9 % ash, 21.5 % CP, 10.7 % TP and 29.9 % soluble sugars. Clover and pea had much higher values for CP and TP than grass. In the LPC preparations, CP and TP averaged 43.6 % and 38.5 % of DM. Heat treatment gave higher protein content than precipitation of LPC by combined heating and acidification. The in vitro digestibility and protein solubility of LPC were high, on average 85.6 % and 80.2 %. LPC had fairly high contents of lysine and methionine, 4.1 % and 1.6 g/16 g N. There were only small differences in the amino acid composition between grass and clover and between crops harvested at different growth stages. Green crop fractionation is a potential means of improving grassland production and utilization. Promising results have been obtained with plant juice and LPC fed to monogastric animals and pressed pulp residues in diets for ruminants. The economic aspects of fractionation remain to be evaluated.

scholarly journals On the carbohydrate composition and nutritive value of some cereals

1970 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maija-Liisa Salo ◽  
Kaija Kotilainen
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Main Compound ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Fibre Analysis ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The contents and the distribution between the different grain parts of starch, hemicellulose, cellulose, crude lignin, crude protein and ash have been determined for oat, barley, rye and two wheat species. The relative proportions of the different structural units of the hemicellulose have also been determined. Furthermore, a method is proposed for the determination of the cell-wall complex in cereals. Oat and barley differ from wheat and rye to an appreciable extent only in respect of the hull. The hulls consist of strawlike material rich in lignin, cellulose and xylan; they are richer in xylan than the straw proper. The fruit and seed coat enveloping the seed (viz. the bran) contains relatively small amounts of lignin and cellulose. The bran is chiefly composed of hemicellulose with xylose and arabinose as the main components. The main compound of the endosperm is starch, although some hemicellulose and protein are present, whereas only minor amounts of cellulose and lignin can be found. In the samples investigated only small differences were noted between the compositions of wheat, rye, dehulled oat and dehulled barley; wheat had the highest starch content, rye the highest hemicellulose content, and oat the highest contents of crude protein and lignin. The cell-wall complex determined as the residue after enzymatic hydrolysis of the starch agreed well with that obtained by fractionation. On the other hand, the detergent-fibre values differed from the fractionation results considerably, and the conventional crude fibre analysis yielded results which were about 1.5 times that of cellulose. The feed-values of the different grain parts are discussed on the basis of the analysis results obtained.

Relationship between growth stage and digestible organic matter in triticale

1989 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Brignall ◽  
M. R. Ward ◽  
W. J. Whittington
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Rapid Reduction ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Slow Decline ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter

SUMMARYIn two experiments the yield, digestibility, protein and cell wall contents of several autumn-sown triticale cultivars were compared with rye at defined growth stages. Yields at each growth stage were highest in the triticale cultivars. The content of leaf blade and sheath fell with increased maturity while stem and ear content increased. There were differences between cultivars in the contribution of individual stem internodes. Digestibility also declined with maturity for all plant parts, and differences were apparent between plant parts and between cultivars. Leaf blade showed a slow decline in digestibility whereas stem digestibility showed a rapid reduction so that, at growth stage 43, young stem internodes were of much higher quality than older ones. Spring-type triticales (A208 and A476) had the highest digestibility at stages from flag leaf emergence to anthesis. The relationships between digestibility, plant part contents and cell wall characteristics are discussed.

scholarly journals Analyses of plant products in greater detail

1961 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56
Author(s):  
L. Paloheimo ◽  
K. A. Vainio ◽  
M.-L. Kero ◽  
Eine Herkola
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Food Analysis ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Plant Products ◽  
Spruce Wood ◽  
Analysis Scheme

The customary Weende system for food analysis is biologically defective and even misleading. The authors have used an analysis scheme in which the conventional crude fibre determination is replaced by the determination of the total of the vegetable cell wall substances. This fraction is called membrane substances. The crude fibre is an arbitrary fragment of this total. E.g. in spruce wood the crude fibre forms about 80 % of the total of the membrane substances, and in wheat bran about 50 %. In addition the fraction »membrane substances» is divided into 4 subtractions: cellulose, pentosans, lignin, and other membrane substances. Further, a fraction called valuable carbohydrates is determined by subtracting from 100 the percentages of water, ash, crude protein, crude fat, and membane substances. This scheme has been applied to the investigation of 44 different plant products. A critical examination of the methods used has been included.

Proximal and Functional Properties of Edible Ripened Split Beans of Coastal Wild Legume Canavalia maritima

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-233
Author(s):  
Prabhavathi Supriya ◽  
Kandikere R. Sridhar
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Protein Solubility ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Protein Rich

Background: Utilization of wild legumes has received prime importance in the recent past to compensate the scarcity of protein-rich foods as well as to tackle the protein energy malnutrition. Ripened split beans of Canavalia maritima devoid of seed coat and testa serve as traditional nutraceutical source for the coastal dwellers of Southwest India. Objective: The present study projects proximal and functional attributes of uncooked and cooked ripened split beans of C. maritima to be used in the preparation of functional foods. Methods: Proximal properties (moisture, crude protein, total lipids, crude fibre, carbohydrates and calorific value) and functional properties (protein solubility, gelation capacity, water-absorption, oilabsorption, emulsion qualities and foam qualities) of split beans were evaluated by standard methods. Results: Cooking did not significantly changed the crude protein, total lipids, ash, carbohydrates and calorific value, while it significantly increased the crude fibre. The protein solubility, water-absorption capacity, foam capacity and foam stability were significantly higher in uncooked than cooked beans. The cooked beans were superior to uncooked beans in least gelation concentration, low oil-absorption capacity, emulsion activity and emulsion stability. Conclusion: The functional properties of split bean flours were influenced by the proximal components like crude protein, total lipids and crude fibre. The energy-rich ripened split beans of C. maritima can serve as a new potential source for production of value added functional foods owing to their rich protein, rich carbohydrates, low-lipid and potential bioactive attributes.

Ultrasound Assisted Solid-Liquid Extraction Devices - Harnessing Active Ingredients from Plant materials – Overview and Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted ◽  
Solid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Solid Liquid

Background: In the growing environmental concern use of natural products, efficient processes and devices are necessary. Solid-Liquid extraction of active Ingredients from Plant materials is one of the important unit operations in Chemical Engineering and need to be enhanced. Objectives: Since, these active ingredients are firmly bound to the plant cell wall membrane, which pose mass-transfer resistance and need to get detached through the use of suitable process intensification tools such as ultrasound and suitable devices. Therefore, detailed analysis and review is essential on development made in this area through Publications and Patents. Hence, the present paper illustrates the development of ultrasound assisted device for solid-liquid extraction are presented in this paper. Methods: Advantages such as % Yield, Reduction in extraction time, use of ambient conditions, better process control, avoidance or minimizing multi stage extraction could be achieved due to the use of ultrasound in extraction as compared to conventional processes. Conclusions: Use of ultrasound to provide significant improvements in the extraction of Vegetable tannins, Natural dyes for application in Leather processing has been demonstrated and reported earlier. These enhancement could be possible through various effects of ultrasound such as better flow of solvents through micro-jet formation, mass transfer enhancement due to rupture of plant cell wall membranes through acoustic cavitation, better leaching due to micro-mixing and acoustic streaming effects. This approach would minimize material wastage; thereby, leading to eco-conservation of plant materials, which is very much essential for better environment. Hence, various methods and design for application of ultrasound assisted solid-liquid extractor device are necessary.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document