scholarly journals Cold hardiness research on agricultural and horticultural crops in Finland

1999 ◽  
Vol 8 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 459-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. LINDÉN ◽  
M. SEPPÄNEN ◽  
A. VÄINÖLÄ
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Controlled Freezing

This paper represents an overview of cold hardiness research conducted on agricultural and horticultural crops, as well as on amenity plants in Finland. Inadequate freezing tolerance and/or winter hardiness often prevents introduction of new species and cultivars to Finland. Field observations on winter hardiness and more recently the results from laboratory freezing tests, have assisted breeders to select hardy genotypes. Research approaches for agricultural crops have evolved from observations on winter and frost damage to studies on molecular mechanisms of cold acclimation and freezing injury. The results of experiments on survival of winter cereals, grasses and clovers and frost tolerance of potato and turnip rape are discussed. The studies conducted on horticultural crops, including apple, strawberry, raspberry, currants, blueberry, sea buckthorn, perennial herbs as well as on ornamental trees and shrubs have included field evaluations of cultivars, or selections for winter hardiness, and studies on the effects of cultural management practices on winter survival. During the last decade detailed studies including controlled freezing tests have provided tools to assist in explanation of the underlying mechanisms of cold hardiness also in horticultural plants. ;

LOW-TEMPERATURE STRESS IN CANADIAN HORTICULTURAL PRODUCTION – AN OVERVIEW

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1135-1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
HARVEY A. QUAMME
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Freezing Resistance ◽  
Crop Losses ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Technological Advances

Crop losses from winter injury and spring frosts which involve freezing injury are of major importance to the Canadian horticultural industry, whereas chilling injury which is produced at temperatures just above freezing is of minor importance. The technology to prevent crop losses from freezing injury to horticultural crops is well developed and includes site selection; plant protection with covers, protected-environmental structures heaters, and wind machines; control of ice-nucleating bacteria; selection of management practices to maximize plant resistance; and breeding for resistance. Improvement of this technology can be expected with further research. Increased knowledge of the basic physiology of freezing injury and the genetics of freezing resistance will be especially important to achieving technological advances in the prevention of freezing injury to horticultural crops.Key words: Cold hardiness, freezing injury, chilling injury, acclimation, frost protection

scholarly journals Cold Hardiness, Deacclimation Kinetics, and Bud Development among 12 Diverse Blueberry Genotypes under Field Conditions

2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 508-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa J. Rowland ◽  
Elizabeth L. Ogden ◽  
Mark K. Ehlenfeldt ◽  
Bryan Vinyard
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Pearl River ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Woody Perennials

Deacclimation response is an important part of reproductive success in woody perennials because late winter or early spring thaws followed by hard freezes can cause severe injury to dehardened flower buds. There is a need to develop more spring-frost tolerant cultivars for the blueberry (Vaccinium L.) industry. The identification of later or slower deacclimating genotypes could be useful in breeding for more spring-frost tolerant cultivars. This study was undertaken to investigate cold hardiness and deacclimation kinetics under field conditions for 12 Vaccinium (section Cyanococcus A. Gray) genotypes (the cultivars Bluecrop, Duke, Legacy, Little Giant, Magnolia, Northcountry, Northsky, Ozarkblue, Pearl River, Tifblue, and Weymouth; and a population of V. constablaei Gray) with different germplasm compositions and expected mid-winter bud hardiness levels. Examination of bud cold hardiness (BCH) vs. weeks of deacclimation over a 7-week period in 2 consecutive years (2002 and 2003) revealed clear genotypic differences in cold hardiness and timing and rate of deacclimation. Among cultivars, `Legacy' was the least cold hardy at initial evaluation, even less so than `Tifblue'. Regarding deacclimation kinetics, the weekly intervals with the largest losses (i.e., high rates of deacclimation) also varied among genotypes. For `Duke', the largest losses in BCH were detected at weeks 2 and 3, making it the earliest deacclimator. For `Bluecrop', `Ozarkblue', `Weymouth', `Tifblue', and `Legacy', the greatest losses in BCH were observed at weeks 3 and 4. For `Little Giant', `Magnolia', `Northcountry', `Northsky', and `Pearl River', losses in BCH were greatest at weeks 4 and 5, while for V. constablaei, losses were greatest at weeks 6 and 7, making it the latest deacclimator. Deacclimation kinetics were not correlated with mid-winter hardiness or chilling requirements in any fixed pattern. On the other hand, a strong positive correlation was found between BCH and stage of bud opening (r = 0.84). A comparison of timing of deacclimation with germplasm composition indicated that V. constablaei was particularly late to deacclimate. `Little Giant', a 50:50 hybrid of V. constablaei and V. ashei Reade, was nearly as late to deacclimate as the 100% V. constablaei selections. Thus, V. constablaei may be useful in breeding programs to contribute genes for late deacclimation, which should translate into greater spring frost tolerance, in addition to genes for mid-winter hardiness.

scholarly journals Bermudagrass Freezing Tolerance Associated with Abscisic Acid Metabolism and Dehydrin Expression during Cold Acclimation

2008 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 542-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xunzhong Zhang ◽  
Kehua Wang ◽  
Erik H. Ervin
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Exogenous Aba ◽  
Aba Metabolism ◽  
Aba Content

Recent advances in bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon] breeding and cultural management practices have enabled its use as a sports surface in U.S. Department of Agriculture cold hardiness zones 5 and 6. Use of these more cold-hardy bermudagrass cultivars further into transition- and cool-season zones increases the probability of freezing injury and increases the need for an improved understanding of physiological responses to chilling and freezing temperatures. Abscisic acid (ABA) has been shown to increase during cold acclimation (CA) and play a role in dehydration tolerance. This study investigated changes in ABA metabolism and dehydrin expression during CA and their association with freezing tolerance in four bermudagrass cultivars. Two cold-tolerant (‘Patriot’ and ‘Riviera’) and two relatively cold-sensitive (‘Tifway’ and ‘Princess’) cultivars were either subjected to CA at 8 °C day/4 °C night with a light intensity of 250 μmol·m−2·s−1 over a 10-h photoperiod for 21 days or maintained at 28 °C day/24 °C night over a 12-h photoperiod. In a separate study, exogenous ABA at 0, 50, 100, and 150 μm was applied to ‘Patriot’ bermudagrass without CA. ABA content in leaf and stolon tissues increased substantially during the first week of CA and remained relatively stable thereafter. ‘Patriot’ and ‘Riviera’ had greater ABA content and less stolon electrolyte leakage (EL) relative to ‘Tifway’ and ‘Princess’. Expression of a 25 kDa dehydrin protein increased during CA in all four cultivars. A significant correlation was found between ABA content and freezing tolerance. Exogenously applying ABA to ‘Patriot’ at 50, 100, and 150 μm significantly increased endogenous ABA content and the 25 kDa dehydrin expression and reduced stolon EL. The results suggest that alteration of ABA metabolism during CA is closely associated with freezing tolerance. Selection and use of cultivars with substantial accumulation of ABA and certain dehydrins during CA or in response to exogenous ABA could improve bermudagrass persistence in transition zone climates.

Effects of environmental and plant factors on foliar freezing resistance in tropical grasses. I. Precondition factors and conditions during freezing

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 243 ◽  
Author(s):  
DA Ivory ◽  
PC Whiteman
Keyword(s):  
Water Status ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Freezing Resistance ◽  
Foliar Damage ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Controlled Freezing

The foliar freezing resistance of Setaria anceps cv. Narok and Panicum maximum var. trichoglume cv. Petrie was studied under controlled freezing in the laboratory. Maximum foliar hardening in both species was achieved in 8 days at a night temperature of 10°C or less. A reduction in relative humidity from 100 to 79 % during freezing at –5°C caused 80 and 88 % decreases in foliar damage (as measured by percentage foliage death) in P. maximum and S. anceps respectively. Reducing the cooling rate during a freezing cycle significantly increased the amount of foliar damage to both species but there was no significant effect of reheating rate. An increase in freezing duration from 0.5 to 4 hr increased foliar damage by 35 and 58 % at –2.5° and by 45 and 36 % at –3.5° in S. anceps and P. maximum respectively. Phosphorus and potassium applications had no effect on frost damage, but increased nitrogen application rates and nitrogen concentrations in the tissues were related to greater frost damage. A decrease in plant water status prior to frosting caused a significant decrease in foliar frost damage in P. maximum. Except for atmospheric humidity, a decrease in the minimum freezing temperature by 2° had a larger effect on foliar damage than had other plant or environmental factors. S. anceps demonstrated a greater frost tolerance than P. maximum in all experiments.

scholarly journals BSR-Seq Analysis Provides Insights into Cold Stress in Actinidia Arguta F1 Populations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miao miao Lin ◽  
Shihang Sun ◽  
Jinbao Fang ◽  
Xiujuan Qi ◽  
Leiming Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Single Molecule ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cold Resistance ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Actinidia Arguta ◽  
Cold Tolerant ◽  
Cold Sensitive

Abstract BackgroundThe freezing injury, which is one of the important abiotic stresses in horticultural crops, can influences the growth and development and the production area of kiwifruit (Actinidia Lind1). Actinidia arguta has excellent cold resistance in Actinidia species, but knowledge relevant to molecular mechanisms is still limited so far. Understanding the mechanism of cold resistance in kiwifruit is important for cold-resistant breeding. ResultsIn our study, a cross of ‘Ruby-3’בKuilv’ male was built for the A. arguta hardiness study, and 20 cold-tolerant and 20 cold-sensitive populations were selected from 492 populations according to LT50. Then, we performed Bulked segregant RNA-seq combined with single-molecule real-time sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes with cold hardiness. We found that the content of soluble sucrose and the activity of β-amylase were higher in the cold tolerant population pool than in the cold sensitive population pool. Upon -30°C low temperature treatment, 126 differentially expressed genes were found, and 59 genes were upregulated and 67 genes were downregulated when comparing the tolerant and sensitive pools, respectively. KEGG pathway analysis showed that the DEGs mainly belonged to starch and sucrose metabolism and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. There were main 10 key enzyme encoding genes and two regulatory genes were up regulated in tolerant pool, regulated genes of CBF pathway were found to be different expressed, especially, 14-3-3 gene was down regulated and EBF gene was up regulated. To validate the BSR-Seq results, 24 DEGs were determined by qRT-PCR, and the results were consistent with BSR-Seq.ConclusionOur research provides valuable insights into the mechanism related to cold resistance in Actinidia and identified potential genes that are important for cold resistance in kiwifruit.

scholarly journals Treatments to Encourage Earlier Dormancy in Apple

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 582b-582
Author(s):  
E.W. Stover ◽  
M.J. Fargione ◽  
K.A. Iungerman ◽  
W.C. Stiles
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Hudson Valley ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Leaf Drop ◽  
Controlled Freezing

Active growth in late Fall 1993, followed by very low temperatures in November, resulted in widespread loss of scaffolds and leaders of `McIntosh' in the Champlain Valley. Treatments to encourage earlier dormancy are being investigated to address this problem in future seasons. Initial studies showed that 39 mm CuEDTA or 16 mm CuEDTA + 0.25% ultrafine spray oil (sprayed to drip) resulted in 3–4 weeks earlier leaf drop of `Empire' in the Mid-Hudson Valley. Evaluation of cold-hardiness, measured as electrolyte leakage after controlled freezing in a Tenney chamber, indicated greater cold-hardiness from these treatments in early December without reducing mid-winter hardiness. CuEDTA treatments ranging from 4–32 mm, all with 0.25% ultrafine spray oil, were applied to fifth leaf `Marshall McIntosh' on M.9/MM.111 interstems in the Champlain Valley on 12 Oct. 1995. Defoliation was accelerated with each increase in rate examined in this study. The highest rate again advanced defoliation 3–4 weeks compared to controls and increased cold-hardiness on 1 Dec. 19/95 as measured though electrolyte leakage. Evaluation of cold-hardiness in shoots collected on 8 Feb. 1996 showed no significant difference between electrolyte leakage from controls and trees treated with CuEDTA.

scholarly journals BSR-Seq analysis provides insights into the cold stress response of Actinidia arguta F1 populations

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miaomiao Lin ◽  
Shihang Sun ◽  
Jinbao Fang ◽  
Xiujuan Qi ◽  
Leiming Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cold Resistance ◽  
Regulatory Genes ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Actinidia Arguta ◽  
Cold Tolerant ◽  
Cold Sensitive

Abstract Background Freezing injury, which is an important abiotic stress in horticultural crops, influences the growth and development and the production area of kiwifruit (Actinidia Lind1). Among Actinidia species, Actinidia arguta has excellent cold resistance, but knowledge relevant to molecular mechanisms is still limited. Understanding the mechanism underlying cold resistance in kiwifruit is important for breeding cold resistance. Results In our study, a population resulting from the cross of A. arguta ‘Ruby-3’ × ‘Kuilv’ male was generated for kiwifruit hardiness study, and 20 cold-tolerant and 20 cold-sensitive populations were selected from 492 populations according to their LT50. Then, we performed bulked segregant RNA-seq combined with single-molecule real-time sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes that provide cold hardiness. We found that the content of soluble sucrose and the activity of β-amylase were higher in the cold-tolerant population than in the cold-sensitive population. Upon − 30 °C low-temperature treatment, 126 differentially expressed genes were identify; the expression of 59 genes was up-regulated and that of 67 genes was down-regulated between the tolerant and sensitive pools, respectively. KEGG pathway analysis showed that the DEGs were primarily related to starch and sucrose metabolism, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. Ten major key enzyme-encoding genes and two regulatory genes were up-regulated in the tolerant pool, and regulatory genes of the CBF pathway were found to be differentially expressed. In particular, a 14–3-3 gene was down-regulated and an EBF gene was up-regulated. To validate the BSR-Seq results, 24 DEGs were assessed via qRT-PCR, and the results were consistent with those obtained by BSR-Seq. Conclusion Our research provides valuable insights into the mechanism related to cold resistance in Actinidia and identified potential genes that are important for cold resistance in kiwifruit.

Ampelographic collection of NSС «V.Ye. Tairov IVW», current trends in studies and prospects of usage

2019 ◽  
pp. 129-139
Author(s):  
I. A. Kovaliova ◽  
L. V. Gerus ◽  
V. V. Scrypnyk ◽  
M.G. Fedorenko ◽  
O.V. Salii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Ripening Period ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Early Ripening ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Genetically Determined

The aim of our research was to analyze the composition of an ampelographic collection of the V. Ye. Tairov Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking by geographical origin of varieties, application, ripening period, berry color, flavor profile, seed development, winter hardiness and frost tolerance, and resistance to major fungal diseases. To enrich the database of varieties – sources and donors of valuable traits via analysis of data on expression of adaptability and performance characteristics. Results and Discussion. At present, there are 736 varieties in the ampelographic collection of the V. Ye. Tairov Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking. The largest portion contains Ukrainian, Russian and Moldavian varieties. More than half (59 %) are table varieties; one third (31%) are wine ones; and 10 % are universal varieties and varieties that are still being studied. As to the ripening period, a group of early-ripening, mainly table varieties (23 %), stands out. The most numerous portions of the collection are mid- and late-ripening varieties (17 % each). The percentages of early-middle and mid-late varieties are similar (11 and 12 %, respectively). Among the berry colors, white and its variations (yellow, yellow-green, amber, etc.) account for 44 %; black – for 23 %; and pink – for 6 % of the collection accessions. There are varieties with red-violet, white-pink, yellow-pink, pale red or bright red berries. Significant diversity was also found in flavor characteristics of the collection accessions. Even in the largest group with so-called “simple taste” (86 % of the collection accessions), varieties with bright prune, solanum, flower, honey and other aromas were found. Varieties with muscat flavor remain in high demand on the market. It was found in 12.5 % of varieties, which can be used in further breeding process. The collection contains 7 % of seedless varieties. Among the collection accessions with their diverse genetic and geographical origin, 82 % have low winter hardiness and frost tolerance and are damaged even at –20 – 21oC. They are mainly European varieties without genetically determined mechanisms of protection against low temperatures and overwintering conditions. 17.9 % of the collection accessions vary from relatively frost tolerant (−22 – 24oC) to frost tolerant (−26–28oC). More than half of the collection accessions (64.5 % ) are susceptible to fungal diseases, since they derive from non-resistant varieties. They are mainly intraspecific Vitis vinifera L. varieties. They are used in crosses as donors of product quality characteristics. A third of varieties showed relative resistance to diseases (6–7 points on a 9-point scale (Bankovska, 2007)). They are widely used in further crosses to obtain genotypes with genetically determined disease resistance. Conclusions. The observations and analysis of adaptive and productive characteristics of 735 collection varieties of the V. Ye. Tairov Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking have resulted in enrichment of the database both with introduced and with our own valuable varieties - donors.

scholarly journals COR/LEA Proteins as Indicators of Frost Tolerance in Triticeae: A Comparison of Controlled versus Field Conditions

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 789
Author(s):  
Klára Kosová ◽  
Miroslav Klíma ◽  
Ilja Tom Prášil ◽  
Pavel Vítámvás
Keyword(s):  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Late Embryogenesis Abundant ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Lea Proteins ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Vernalisation Requirement

Low temperatures in the autumn induce enhanced expression/relative accumulation of several cold-inducible transcripts/proteins with protective functions from Late-embryogenesis-abundant (LEA) superfamily including dehydrins. Several studies dealing with plants grown under controlled conditions revealed a correlation (significant quantitative relationship) between dehydrin transcript/protein relative accumulation and plant frost tolerance. However, to apply these results in breeding, field experiments are necessary. The aim of the review is to provide a summary of the studies dealing with the relationships between plant acquired frost tolerance and COR/LEA transcripts/proteins relative accumulation in cereals grown in controlled and field conditions. The impacts of cold acclimation and vernalisation processes on the ability of winter-type Triticeae to accumulate COR/LEA proteins are discussed. The factors determining dehydrin relative accumulation under controlled cold acclimation treatments versus field trials during winter seasons are discussed. In conclusion, it can be stated that dehydrins could be used as suitable indicators of winter survival in field-grown winter cereals but only in plant prior to the fulfilment of vernalisation requirement.

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