Effects of environmental and plant factors on foliar freezing resistance in tropical grasses. I. Precondition factors and conditions during freezing

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 243 ◽  
Author(s):  
DA Ivory ◽  
PC Whiteman
Keyword(s):  
Water Status ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Freezing Resistance ◽  
Foliar Damage ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Controlled Freezing

The foliar freezing resistance of Setaria anceps cv. Narok and Panicum maximum var. trichoglume cv. Petrie was studied under controlled freezing in the laboratory. Maximum foliar hardening in both species was achieved in 8 days at a night temperature of 10°C or less. A reduction in relative humidity from 100 to 79 % during freezing at –5°C caused 80 and 88 % decreases in foliar damage (as measured by percentage foliage death) in P. maximum and S. anceps respectively. Reducing the cooling rate during a freezing cycle significantly increased the amount of foliar damage to both species but there was no significant effect of reheating rate. An increase in freezing duration from 0.5 to 4 hr increased foliar damage by 35 and 58 % at –2.5° and by 45 and 36 % at –3.5° in S. anceps and P. maximum respectively. Phosphorus and potassium applications had no effect on frost damage, but increased nitrogen application rates and nitrogen concentrations in the tissues were related to greater frost damage. A decrease in plant water status prior to frosting caused a significant decrease in foliar frost damage in P. maximum. Except for atmospheric humidity, a decrease in the minimum freezing temperature by 2° had a larger effect on foliar damage than had other plant or environmental factors. S. anceps demonstrated a greater frost tolerance than P. maximum in all experiments.

scholarly journals Cold hardiness research on agricultural and horticultural crops in Finland

1999 ◽  
Vol 8 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 459-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. LINDÉN ◽  
M. SEPPÄNEN ◽  
A. VÄINÖLÄ
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Controlled Freezing

This paper represents an overview of cold hardiness research conducted on agricultural and horticultural crops, as well as on amenity plants in Finland. Inadequate freezing tolerance and/or winter hardiness often prevents introduction of new species and cultivars to Finland. Field observations on winter hardiness and more recently the results from laboratory freezing tests, have assisted breeders to select hardy genotypes. Research approaches for agricultural crops have evolved from observations on winter and frost damage to studies on molecular mechanisms of cold acclimation and freezing injury. The results of experiments on survival of winter cereals, grasses and clovers and frost tolerance of potato and turnip rape are discussed. The studies conducted on horticultural crops, including apple, strawberry, raspberry, currants, blueberry, sea buckthorn, perennial herbs as well as on ornamental trees and shrubs have included field evaluations of cultivars, or selections for winter hardiness, and studies on the effects of cultural management practices on winter survival. During the last decade detailed studies including controlled freezing tests have provided tools to assist in explanation of the underlying mechanisms of cold hardiness also in horticultural plants. ;

scholarly journals Frost Tolerance of Eight Olive Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 558-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Barranco ◽  
Natividad Ruiz ◽  
María Gómez-del Campo
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Field Resistance ◽  
Ion Leakage ◽  
Susceptible Cultivar ◽  
Olive Cultivars ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Resistance Data

This study aims to determine the relationship between laboratory frost-resistance data for the leaves of eight olive cultivars and observed field resistance in the same genotypes undergoing natural frost damage. The lethal freezing temperature (LT50) for each cultivar was established by measuring the electrical conductivity (EC) of the medium into which solutes from damaged leaf tissue were leaked. The value obtained was then correlated with percentage frost shoot for the same eight cultivars damaged by natural frosts in a field test. A negative correlation was observed between the percentage frost shoot and leaf LT50 for all the cultivars under study. The most frost-hardy cultivars (`Cornicabra', `Arbequina', and `Picual') were those presenting the lowest percentage frost shoot and lowest LT50. Conversely, the most frost-susceptible cultivar (`Empeltre') displayed 100% frost shoot, together with one of the highest LT50 values (–9.5 °C). According to these results, lethal freezing temperature (LT50) calculated from leaf ion leakage at a range of freezing temperatures, seem to be a valid parameter for evaluating frost tolerance in olive cultivars.

scholarly journals Winter frost injury of buds on one-year-old grapevine shoots of Vitis vinifera cultivars and interspecific hybrids in Poland

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Lisek
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Frost Injury ◽  
Vitis Labruscana ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
One Year

Winter frost injury of buds on one-year-old grapevine shoots ofVitis viniferacultivars and interspecific hybrids in PolandFollowing the winter of 2009/2010, an assessment of frost damage was carried out on the vines of 40 wine cultivars and 32 table grape cultivars grown in central Poland (Skierniewice, latitude 51° 57' N, longitude 20° 08' E). The minimum winter temperature of -28.1°C was recorded on 26 January 2010. Cultivars were assigned to five classes of different frost tolerance, according to information on the percentage of frozen buds: very resistant (below 1.9%), resistant (2 - 24.9%), medium susceptible (25 - 74.9%), susceptible (75 - 95.9%) and very susceptible (above 96%). The numbers of wine and table cultivars in each class were as follows: very resistant - 5 (wine) and 3 (table), resistant - 2 and 5, medium susceptible - 15 and 10, susceptible - 13 and 9 and very susceptible - 5 and 5. The most tolerant were the ‘Alwood’, ‘Delaware’, ‘Fredonia’ and ‘Zilga’ interspecific hybrids of theVitis labruscanagroup; the ‘Aurore’, ‘Marechal Foch’ and ‘Leon Millot’ hybrids originating fromV. vinifera, V. rupestris, V. ripariaandV. lincecumiiand ‘Sibera’ originating fromV. viniferaandV. amurensis.More than 96% of buds froze on the vines of some interspecific hybrids (‘Arkadia’, ‘Fanny’, ‘Kodrianka’ and ‘Lilla’). ‘Ortega’, ‘Nektar’, ‘Cserszegi Fueszeres’, ‘Riesling’ and ‘Chasselas Dore’ from theV. viniferacultivars showed the best tolerance to frost damage (42.5-62% of frozen buds). The buds of theV. viniferacultivars ‘Acolon’, ‘Dakapo’ and ‘Favorit’ all froze. Plant parts covered with soil and snow were not exposed to significant damage, even in the case of susceptible cultivars.

Responsiveness to seasonal temperature and nitrogen among genotypes of kikuyu, paspalum and bermuda grass pastures of coastal New South Wales

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
CJ Pearson ◽  
H Kemp ◽  
AC Kirby ◽  
TE Launders ◽  
C Mikled
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Bermuda Grass ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Potential Productivity ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium

Three experiments were carried out to test the hypotheses that (a) there are quantitative differences in growth rate and quality between newly registered cultivars and older cultivars in response to changes in temperature and fertility, and (b) responsiveness to temperature varies between sites because cultivars acclimatize to their current environment. Performance in simulated swards indicated that potential productivity was highest from bermuda grass (Cynodon x Burton Pearson). This was, however, a poor indicator of performance in the field, where yield of bermuda grass was depressed by weeds whereas that of kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) was unaffected. In the field, a newly registered kikuyu, cv. Crofts, outyielded bermuda grass and paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum) either alone or when combined with lucerne. A further experiment compared cvv. Crofts, Whittet and common kikuyu at three levels of nitrogen at three sites. Peak growth rates were the same at all locations but Crofts outyielded the other genotypes by 60, 13 and 18% at Bega (37�S.), Camden (34�S.) and Taree (32�S.) respectively. Average growth rates varied seasonally and were correlated with temperature (r > 0.9). Analysis of temperature responsiveness (kg/ha.�C) indicated that responsiveness varied consistently between genotypes at any location. Furthermore, the base temperature (the temperature below which there was negligible growth) was the same for all genotypes at any location but it increased with increasing latitude. That is, there was a tendency to greater dormancy with increasing coldness of location. Nitrogen responsiveness was the same for all genotypes and sites. Seasonal variations in digestibility and mineral concentrations in kikuyu, bermuda grass and paspalum were similar in the field and in simulated swards; quality was the same in all kikuyu genotypes. Calcium, magnesium and nitrogen concentrations of plant tops (but not phosphorus and potassium concentrations) increased with increasing rates of application of nitrogen fertilizer.

scholarly journals Effects of Cyclic Freeze–Thaw on the Steel Bar Reinforced New-To-Old Concrete Interface

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 1251
Author(s):  
Tao Luo ◽  
Chi Zhang ◽  
Xiangtian Xu ◽  
Yanjun Shen ◽  
Hailiang Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Concrete Structures ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Shear Properties ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Steel Bar ◽  
Concrete Interface

Frost damage of concrete has significant effects on the safety and durability of concrete structures in cold regions, and the concrete structures after repair and reinforcement are still threatened by cyclic freezing and thawing. In this study, the new-to-old concrete interface was reinforced by steel bar. The shear strength of the new-to-old concrete interface was tested after the new-to-old combination was subjected to cyclic freeze–thaw. The effects of the diameter of the steel bar, the compressive strength of new concrete, the number of freeze–thaw cycles and the freezing temperatures on the shear properties of new-to-old concrete interface were studied. The results showed that, in a certain range, the shear strength of the interface was proportional to the diameter of the steel bar and the strength of the new concrete. Meanwhile, the shear strength of the reinforced interface decreased with the decreasing of the freezing temperature and the increasing of the number of freeze–thaw cycles.

Heritability of frost tolerance in white clover (Trifolium repens)

1990 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Caradus ◽  
A. C. Mackay ◽  
J. Van Den Bosch ◽  
S. Wewala ◽  
D. H. Greer
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Size Effects ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Method Of Calculation ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Heritability Estimates ◽  
High Selection

SUMMARYWhite clover genotypes selected for frost tolerance and susceptibility were pair-crossed in various combinations with unselected genotypes of Grasslands Huia. Progeny lines and parent genotypes were artificially frosted at −8°C and scored for percentage of leaves damaged. Progeny from crosses between frost-tolerant genotypes were less damaged by frost than progeny from crosses involving either susceptible genotypes or unselected Grasslands Huia genotypes. Heritability estimates for frost tolerance or susceptibility were high, ranging from 0·75 to 0·93, depending on method of calculation. Removal of leaf-size effects from scores of frost damage reduced heritability estimates to 0·54–0·73. It was concluded that, because heritability for frost tolerance was high, selection for this character and incorporation of frost tolerance into agronomically suitable but frost-sensitive cultivars by breeding would be successful.

The residual effect of molybdenum fertilizer on growth of tropical pasture legumes in a sub-tropical environment

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (89) ◽  
pp. 961 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Johansen ◽  
PC Kerridge ◽  
PE Luck ◽  
BG Cook ◽  
KF Lowe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molybdenum Trioxide ◽  
Sodium Molybdate ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Initial Application ◽  
Tropical Legumes ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations

The response of several tropical legumes, grown with Panicum maximum cv. Gatton, to an initial application of molybdenum as molybdenum trioxide was studied over a five year period at six sites in south-eastern Queensland. The most responsive legumes were Glycine wightii cv. Tinaroo and Desmodium intortum cv. Greenleaf, followed by Macroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro and Medicago sativa cv. Hunter River, with Lotononis bainesiicv. Miles and Stylosanthesguianensis cv. Cook being least responsive. Sites differed markedly in magnitude of legume response. For example, the most responsive site required 200 g ha-1 molybdenum over five years for maximum growth of Siratro whereas there was no response of Siratro to molybdenum application at another site. There was no difference between surface-applied molybdenum trioxide, molybdenum trioxide applied to the seed pellet and surface-applied sodium molybdate in their residual effects on legume growth. Response of the grass to molybdenum treatment was generally similar to legume response and nitrogen concentrations in legume and grass increased with yield.

Comparative study of leaf antioxidant activity as a possible mechanism for frost tolerance in ‘Hass’ and ‘Ettinger’ avocado cultivars

2019 ◽  
Vol 157 (04) ◽  
pp. 342-349
Author(s):  
A. Weil ◽  
C. Sofer-Arad ◽  
Y. Bar-Noy ◽  
O. Liran ◽  
L. Rubinovich
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Major Drawback ◽  
Market Growth ◽  
Frost Stress ◽  
Phenolics Content

AbstractA major drawback of avocado (Persea americanaMill.) is susceptibility to frosts, which reduces yields and limits its geographic distribution and market growth. Whereas the frost-susceptible cultivar ‘Hass’ leads the global avocado market, cv. ‘Ettinger’, although commercially less important, is considered frost-tolerant. The mechanism behind the greater frost tolerance of ‘Ettinger’ has not yet been elucidated; therefore, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the differences between the frost responses of the two cultivars. The results showed that detached ‘Ettinger’ branches had greater tolerance than ‘Hass’ to controlled frost stress. Tissue browning caused by methyl viologen oxidative cell damage, superoxide accumulation in leaf discs following wounding and browning of cut surfaces in branches were much lower in ‘Ettinger’ than in ‘Hass’, suggesting greater antioxidant activity (AA) in the former. In leaf extracts, AA was significantly higher in ‘Ettinger’ than in ‘Hass’, but osmolarity was similar in the two cultivars. Total phenolics content was significantly higher in ‘Ettinger’ but addition of a protein mask did not significantly reduce AA in either cultivar. Interestingly, following the freezing treatment, AA increased in ‘Ettinger’ and remained almost unchanged in ‘Hass’, while osmolarity was unaffected in either cultivar. These results suggest that the greater frost-tolerance of ‘Ettinger’ than ‘Hass’ is due largely to its greater AA, which springs mainly from a non-enzymatic source, i.e. accumulation of phenolic compounds. Based on the current study, future applications may be developed to minimize frost damage in avocado orchards.

scholarly journals Presentation of winter flower-dub lesions of peach varieties originating from different growing areas

2007 ◽  
pp. 70-73
Author(s):  
Mária Dani
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Great Plain ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Tolerant Variety ◽  
The Difference

Although there are many critical points in peach production, in Hungary, winter frost damage is one of the most significant. Serious winter frost damage on the Hungarian Great Plain was the focus of our experiments. The adequate growth and the most adaptable varieties are determining factors in peach production. In our experiments, we compared three growing areas (Siófok, Sóskút, Szatymaz) and four different varieties (Suncrest, Redhaven, Meystar, Michellini). Throughout these growing areas and with varieties, we wanted to demonstrate the differences in the frost damage values of the flower buds in 2005 and 2006.In the course of the statistical trials, we found that the difference between the varieties is significant (table 2). The most tolerant variety as for frost tolerance is the ‘Michellini’ variety, and the worst is the ‘Suncrest’ variety. We also found that these data are significant. When we examined the varieties according to their growth, we got the same results (table 3). We determined that the differences between growth are significant and related to these four varieties and the two years (2005-2006), that frost damage was the highest at Szatymaz, and that it was the lowest in Sóskút.

scholarly journals Ice accommodation in plant tissues pinpointed by cryo-microscopy in reflected-polarised-light

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Stegner ◽  
Johanna Wagner ◽  
Gilbert Neuner
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Variable Temperature ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Ice Crystals ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Freezing Resistance ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
Buxus Sempervirens ◽  
Polarised Light

Abstract Background Freezing resistant plant organs are capable to manage ice formation, ice propagation, and ice accommodation down to variable temperature limits without damage. Insights in ice management strategies are essential for the fundamental understanding of plant freezing and frost survival. However, knowledge about ice management is scarce. Ice crystal localization inside plant tissues is challenging and is mainly based on optical appearance of ice in terms of colour and shape, investigated by microscopic methods. Notwithstanding, there are major uncertainties regarding the reliability and accuracy of ice identification and localisation. Surface light reflections, which can originate from water or resin, even at non-freezing temperatures, can have a similar appearance as ice. We applied the principle of birefringence, which is a property of ice but not of liquid water, in reflected-light microscopy to localise ice crystals in frozen plant tissues in an unambiguous manner. Results In reflected-light microscopy, water was clearly visible, while ice was more difficult to identify. With the presented polarised cryo-microscopic system, water, including surface light reflections, became invisible, whereas ice crystals showed a bright and shiny appearance. Based on this, we were able to detect loci where ice crystals are accommodated in frozen and viable plant tissues. In Buxus sempervirens leaves, large ice needles occupied and expanded the space between the adaxial and abaxial leaf tissues. In Galanthus nivalis leaves, air-filled cavities became filled up with ice. Buds of Picea abies managed ice in a cavity at the bud basis and between bud scales. By observing the shape and attachment point of the ice crystals, it was possible to identify tissue fractions that segregate intracellular water towards the aggregating ice crystals. Conclusion Cryo-microscopy in reflected-polarised-light allowed a robust identification of ice crystals in frozen plant tissue. It distinguishes itself, compared with other methods, by its ease of ice identification, time and cost efficiency and the possibility for high throughput. Profound knowledge about ice management strategies, within the whole range of freezing resistance capacities in the plant kingdom, might be the link to applied science for creating arrangements to avoid future frost damage to crops.

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