LOW-TEMPERATURE STRESS IN CANADIAN HORTICULTURAL PRODUCTION – AN OVERVIEW

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1135-1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
HARVEY A. QUAMME
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Freezing Resistance ◽  
Crop Losses ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Technological Advances

Crop losses from winter injury and spring frosts which involve freezing injury are of major importance to the Canadian horticultural industry, whereas chilling injury which is produced at temperatures just above freezing is of minor importance. The technology to prevent crop losses from freezing injury to horticultural crops is well developed and includes site selection; plant protection with covers, protected-environmental structures heaters, and wind machines; control of ice-nucleating bacteria; selection of management practices to maximize plant resistance; and breeding for resistance. Improvement of this technology can be expected with further research. Increased knowledge of the basic physiology of freezing injury and the genetics of freezing resistance will be especially important to achieving technological advances in the prevention of freezing injury to horticultural crops.Key words: Cold hardiness, freezing injury, chilling injury, acclimation, frost protection

scholarly journals Cold hardiness research on agricultural and horticultural crops in Finland

1999 ◽  
Vol 8 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 459-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. LINDÉN ◽  
M. SEPPÄNEN ◽  
A. VÄINÖLÄ
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Controlled Freezing

This paper represents an overview of cold hardiness research conducted on agricultural and horticultural crops, as well as on amenity plants in Finland. Inadequate freezing tolerance and/or winter hardiness often prevents introduction of new species and cultivars to Finland. Field observations on winter hardiness and more recently the results from laboratory freezing tests, have assisted breeders to select hardy genotypes. Research approaches for agricultural crops have evolved from observations on winter and frost damage to studies on molecular mechanisms of cold acclimation and freezing injury. The results of experiments on survival of winter cereals, grasses and clovers and frost tolerance of potato and turnip rape are discussed. The studies conducted on horticultural crops, including apple, strawberry, raspberry, currants, blueberry, sea buckthorn, perennial herbs as well as on ornamental trees and shrubs have included field evaluations of cultivars, or selections for winter hardiness, and studies on the effects of cultural management practices on winter survival. During the last decade detailed studies including controlled freezing tests have provided tools to assist in explanation of the underlying mechanisms of cold hardiness also in horticultural plants. ;

scholarly journals Bermudagrass Freezing Tolerance Associated with Abscisic Acid Metabolism and Dehydrin Expression during Cold Acclimation

2008 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 542-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xunzhong Zhang ◽  
Kehua Wang ◽  
Erik H. Ervin
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Exogenous Aba ◽  
Aba Metabolism ◽  
Aba Content

Recent advances in bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon] breeding and cultural management practices have enabled its use as a sports surface in U.S. Department of Agriculture cold hardiness zones 5 and 6. Use of these more cold-hardy bermudagrass cultivars further into transition- and cool-season zones increases the probability of freezing injury and increases the need for an improved understanding of physiological responses to chilling and freezing temperatures. Abscisic acid (ABA) has been shown to increase during cold acclimation (CA) and play a role in dehydration tolerance. This study investigated changes in ABA metabolism and dehydrin expression during CA and their association with freezing tolerance in four bermudagrass cultivars. Two cold-tolerant (‘Patriot’ and ‘Riviera’) and two relatively cold-sensitive (‘Tifway’ and ‘Princess’) cultivars were either subjected to CA at 8 °C day/4 °C night with a light intensity of 250 μmol·m−2·s−1 over a 10-h photoperiod for 21 days or maintained at 28 °C day/24 °C night over a 12-h photoperiod. In a separate study, exogenous ABA at 0, 50, 100, and 150 μm was applied to ‘Patriot’ bermudagrass without CA. ABA content in leaf and stolon tissues increased substantially during the first week of CA and remained relatively stable thereafter. ‘Patriot’ and ‘Riviera’ had greater ABA content and less stolon electrolyte leakage (EL) relative to ‘Tifway’ and ‘Princess’. Expression of a 25 kDa dehydrin protein increased during CA in all four cultivars. A significant correlation was found between ABA content and freezing tolerance. Exogenously applying ABA to ‘Patriot’ at 50, 100, and 150 μm significantly increased endogenous ABA content and the 25 kDa dehydrin expression and reduced stolon EL. The results suggest that alteration of ABA metabolism during CA is closely associated with freezing tolerance. Selection and use of cultivars with substantial accumulation of ABA and certain dehydrins during CA or in response to exogenous ABA could improve bermudagrass persistence in transition zone climates.

Accessibility and frequency of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) usages by Haryana Farmers

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-14
Author(s):  
Rupender Kumar ◽  
Pardeep Chahal ◽  
Mukesh Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Dairy Product ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Fm Radio ◽  
E Mail

The study was carried out in four district of Haryana state namely Yamunanagar, Karnal, Hisar and Fatehabad, selected randomly. In total 240 respondents from 16 village were selected for analysis of Accessibility and frequency of ICT. Availability of mobile among the farmers was high followed by television, FM/Radio, internet accessed WhatsApp; face book; YouTube; E-mail, camera enabled mobile phone, Computer, , E-book and CD/VCD were found available and accessed by the farmers. Frequent use of mobile phone by farmers was found followed by TV, FM/Radio, internet, WhatsApp; Mobile phone, face book, YouTube, Computer, E-mail, E-book and CD/VCD. Farmers use of ICTs for the Variety of purpose included marketing, schedule of water supply, supportive facts, plant protection measures, marketing of dairy product, health care practices, management practices, breeding and reproduction practices. Variables education, socio-economic status, extension contact, mass media exposure, scientific orientation, economic motivation and risk orientation exhibited positive and significant whereas age exhibited negative significant with number of ICTs usage by farmers.

Fructan in winter wheat, triticale, and fall rye cultivars of varying cold hardiness

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 1723-1728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michio Suzuki ◽  
H. G. Nass
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Lethal Temperature ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Freezing Resistance ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Opposite Trend ◽  
High Concentrations

Eight winter wheat, one triticale, and three fall rye cultivars with mean lethal temperature (LT50) values from −5.5 to −20.0 °C were harvested in late November and analyzed for fructans. Fructose, sucrose, and oligofructans with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 6 or lower were found in all cultivars. The concentration of DP 4 fructan was higher than that of DP 5 in winter wheat and triticale, while the opposite trend was found in fall rye. Fructans with a DP of 7 or higher (high DP fructans) were found at high concentrations in hardy winter wheat and fall rye. The high DP fructan was very low or negligible in the least hardy winter wheat cultivar 'Super X'. Fructans in winter cereals consisted mainly of inulin type with a β-2-1 linkage. The activity of phlein sucrase, which catalyzes synthesis of phlein, was much lower in winter cereals compared with phlein-rich grasses. It was concluded that high DP fructans of inulin type in basal top tissues of winter cereals were more closely associated with freezing resistance than low DP fructans.

Mechanism of freezing resistance in eco-dormant birch buds under winter subzero temperatures

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keita Endoh ◽  
Seizo Fujikawa
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Common Property ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Freezing Resistance ◽  
Cooling Rates ◽  
Dormant State ◽  
Sem Observation ◽  
Subzero Temperatures ◽  
The Common

Abstract Maximum freezing resistance is a component of winter survival and is associated with the eco-dormant state. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) has shown that changes of the freezing response of the dormant buds depend not only on species and bud type, but also on cooling rates. In order to clarify the freezing adaptation at the cellular level of eco-dormant buds in Japanese white birch, birch buds cooled at a rate of 0.2 °C min−1 and 5 °C day−1 were precisely examined by cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM). Freezing responses of floral dormant buds having female inflorescent primordia and leaf primordia with high-cold hardiness were assessed for extracellular freezing patterns by DTA. Cryo-SEM observation showed freezing of viscous solution filling intercellular spaces within buds and formation of extracellular ice in a random distribution within certain tissues, including green scales, leaf primordia and peduncles. The tissues producing extracellular ice had the common property that distinct intercellular spaces were present among cells having comparatively thick primary walls. In contrast, extracellular ice was not formed within flower primordium and parts of leaf primordium. These tissues had also the common property that no detectable intercellular spaces existed around the cells having thin primary walls. Cryo-SEM observation confirmed that all cells in tissues, regardless of whether extracellular ice was formed within tissues, and also regardless of differences in cooling rates, showed distinct cellular shrinkage by freezing. Recrystallization experiments by cryo-SEM confirmed that all freezable water in cells was eliminated by cooling at 0.2 °C min−1 at least to −30 °C. These results confirmed that all cells in birch buds responded to subzero temperatures through rapid equilibrium dehydration. In contrast to deep supercooling associated with extraorgan freezing of other freezing resistant buds of trees in an eco-dormant state, the mechanism of freezing resistance in eco-dormant birch buds is freezing adaptations by extracellular freezing.

Simulation of the effect of chilling injury and nitrogen supply on floret fertility and yield in rice

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 921 ◽  
Author(s):  
DC Godwin ◽  
WS Meyer ◽  
U Singh
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
New South ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Comprehensive Model ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
South Wales ◽  
High Yields

Evidence exists that night temperatures <18�C immediately preceding flowering in rice crops can adversely affect floret fertility and, hence, yields. It has been suggested that sterility induced by low temperature is also influenced by floodwater depth and nitrogen (N) rate. In southern New South Wales, low night-time temperatures are believed to be a major constraint to the achievement of consistently high yields. The availability of a comprehensive model of rice growth and yield that is sensitive to this constraint would aid the development of better management practices. CERES RICE is a comprehensive model that simulates the phasic development of a rice crop, the growth of its leaves, stems, roots, and panicles, and their response to weather. It also simulates the water and N balances of the crop and the effects of stresses of water and N on the yield-forming processes. The model has been extensively tested in many rice-growing systems in both tropical and temperate environments. However, the original model was unable to simulate the level of chilling injury evident from yield data from southern New South Wales. This paper reports modifications made in the model to simulate these effects and the evaluation of the model in environments of low night temperature. Inclusion of the chilling injury effect greatly improved the accuracy of estimated yields from treatments in an extensive field experiment. However, additional testing with a wider range of data sets is needed to confirm the international applicability of the modifications.

Chitosan: An elicitor and antimicrobial Bio-resource in plant protection

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akansha Singh ◽  
Kalpana Gairola, ◽  
Vinod Upadhyay ◽  
J. Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Food Systems ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
High Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Chemical Pesticides ◽  
Spoilage Microorganisms

Pesticide resistance and environment threat due to injudicious use of chemical pesticides for disease management employs the alteration in management practices. Chitosan, a deacetylated chitin derivative, behaves like a general elicitor, inducing a non-host resistance, and prime the plants for systemic acquired resistance in addition to this Chitosan has high antimicrobial activity against a wide range of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms, including fungi and bacteria. The use of chitosan in agriculture and in food systems should be based on sufficient knowledge of the complex mechanisms of its elicitor and antimicrobial mode of action. In this article we a number of studies on the investigation of chitosan antimicrobial and resistance inducing properties and application of them in agriculture sector have been summarized.

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