scholarly journals Rainfall Distribution and the Possibility for Healthy and Fresh Drinking Water

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Alif Noor Anna
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Rainfall Distribution ◽  
Water Composition ◽  
Water Chemical Composition ◽  
Coast Region

The information of rain water quality in Indonesia is rarely recorded, where as it is important for the region in which the source of fresh water is unavailable. Rain water composition is mostly ascertained by water vapour and ions which are available in the atmosphere during vapouration. In fact the rain water composition of coast region is sea water like and rain water chemical composition of urban are then become HNO3 and HSO4, while rain water of active vulcanic region eventuality has a high sulphur-wombed so that its quality sulphuric-acid. For the region in which the source of fresh water is unavailable the rain water is previously sterilized. Sterilization is consecutively done by adding salts, killing all bacteria, spores, and filltering.

Hygienic Aspects of the Use of Desalinated Sea Water for Drinking and Household Purposes: A Literature Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
OO Sinitsyna ◽  
VV Turbinsky ◽  
TM Ryashentseva ◽  
EP Lavrik
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Seawater Desalination ◽  
Preliminary Preparation ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Desalination Plants

Background. Uneven distribution of fresh water sources on the land surface encourages a search for effective techniques of potable water preparation by desalination of seawater. Hygienic issues of such desalination methods as distillation, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, and ion exchange have been investigated by now and appropriate limitations, requirements, and additional measures to ensure safety of desalinated drinking water have been established. Objective. To summarize and systematize the results of studying characteristics of various methods of seawater desalination for its further use for drinking and household purposes. Materials and methods. We conducted a systematic review of studies published in Russian and in English, found in the PubMed and Web of Science databases, and selected 40 literary sources containing an empirical assessment of effectiveness of seawater desalination and preparation of drinking water. We also scrutinized regulatory documents and guidelines of domestic sanitary legislation. The research results were systematized by the main desalination methods. Results and discussion. We established that the use of seawater for the preparation of fresh water for drinking and household purposes is becoming increasingly widespread around the world. Drinking water obtained from seawater, in all cases, requires additional treatment and measures to optimize its mineral composition and protect against microorganisms. Conclusion. The main challenges of ensuring sanitary and epidemiological wellbeing of the population when using desalinated seawater for drinking and household purposes include selection of a source, arrangement of sites of water intake properly protected from natural and man-made pollution, substantiation of techniques and modes of preliminary preparation of source seawater adequate to its composition, basic desalination, ensuring safety of products of destruction and migration of toxic substances from reagents and materials of desalination plants, additional conditioning with the necessary elements and disinfection of the prepared water, as well as environmental protection from desalination waste.

scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Variation of Rainwater Chemistry in Ile-Ife and Its Environ, Osun State, Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aderonke Adetutu Okoya ◽  
Bamikole Walter Osungbemiro ◽  
Temi E. Ologunorisa
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Rainwater Chemistry ◽  
Water Composition ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The Impact

The study of the chemical composition of rain water was conducted in Ile – Ife and environs, an agrarian, commercial, residential and semi-industrialised center of Osun state Nigeria. This was with a view to assessing the impact of land use activities on rain water composition and the temporal variation of rainwater chemistry. Physico-chemical parameters such as Turbidity, pH, TDS, Conductivity, Oxygen parameters, Alkalinity, Acidity, Hardness and Major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, NO3-, SO4-, HCO3-) were determined, predominant ions were identified. Turbidity, pH, Conductivity, TDS, D.O B.O.D, Alkalinity, Acidity Hardness ranged between 2.90 - 42.84 NTU, 5.65 - 7.40, 6.71 – 122.33 µScm-1, 4.10 –73.27 mg/L, 3.60 – 10.60 mg/L, 0.13 – 7.20 mg/L, 0.33 – 22.0 mg/L, 2.00 – 15.00 mg/L, 0.04 – 1.23 CaCO3mg/l respectively. The dominant ions detected in the study were HCO3-, Mg2+, Na+ and Ca2+. Generally, the mean concentration of ions as expressed in milli-equivalent per Litre showed order of dominance as HCO3- > NO3- > SO42- for the anions and Mg2+ > Na+ > Ca2+ > K+ for cations. The study concluded that land use activities had influence on all the chemical composition of rain water in the study area but more on pH, alkalinity, acidity, bicarbonate. Except sulphate and Nitrate, all other parameters recorded high values in dry season.

scholarly journals Rain water quality assessment as air quality indicator in Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-168
Author(s):  
G Yaqub ◽  
A Hamid ◽  
S Asghar
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Indirect Evaluation ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Insight Into

Rain is an effective way for removing pollutants from the atmosphere. The present study was initiated to determine rain water quality for its safe use as potable water, as well as a tool for indirect evaluation of air quality of different study areas. A total of 20 rain water samples were collected from areas including Kasur, Sheikhupura, Gujranwala and Lahore. The pH (5.49 + 0.323), turbidity (12.267 + 5.933NTU), Cl- (4785 + 1458.32ppm) and F- (16.44 + 4.52ppm) contents of samples are not in compliance with drinking water quality limits (Pakistan, WHO). Average sulphate (1.396 + 0.384 ppm) and NO3 − concentrations (52.35 + 12.11ppm) varied between 1.005-2.05ppm and 36.79-81.3ppm, respectively. Heavy metals analysis showed presence of Cu, Co, Mn and Zn concentrations below WHO limits while Cd and Pb concentrations exceeded WHO limits with values ranging between 0.005ppm-0.017ppm and 19ppm-254ppm, respectively . Findings indicate that rain water can provide an insight into the air quality of an area and its potential use as an alternative to drinking water, especially in areas of short domestic water supply. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.54(2), 161-168, 2019

scholarly journals Statistical Treatment of Many-year Data on the Cherek-Bezengiyskiy River Water Chemical Composition

2015 ◽  
pp. 42-52
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
River Water ◽  
Statistical Treatment ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Water Quality Indicators ◽  
Water Chemical Composition ◽  
Natural Reserve ◽  
Basin Water ◽  
Statistical Indicators

Statistical indicators of many-year observations of the Cherek-Bezengiyskiy River water chemical composition within the boundaries of Kabardin-Balkar State High-mountain Natural Reserve have been presented. The research results can be used for formation of the summarized systematic information needed for development of regional or basin water quality indicators.

scholarly journals Copper Release In Drinking Water Due To Internal Corrosion Of Distibution Pipes

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-171 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Corrosion Potential ◽  
Electrochemical Corrosion ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Internal Corrosion ◽  
Water Composition ◽  
Copper Release

The present paper deals with water quality modification during its stagnation in copper distribution pipes caused by electrochemical corrosion processes. Copper is chosen as plumbing material because of its wide use in drinking water distribution systems all around the world, and because of its recognized toxicity at high dosages. Several experiments are developed, varying water composition and stagnation length, to ascertain the dependence of copper release on both parameters. The effect of different concentrations of bicarbonates, sulphates and phosphates on metal release is studied, assuming stagnation periods ranging from 15 to 90 minutes. The corrosion potential of the metal surface during stagnation episodes is also monitored to verify the existence of a direct correlation between this potential at the end of each stagnation episode, and the corresponding total dissolved copper concentration in the stagnating water. The correlation allows to quantify copper release in drinking water, measuring the corrosion potential, drastically reducing, in this way, the cost of water quality monitoring.

scholarly journals Water quality assessment of the Triassic aquifer, SE Tunisia, for drinking water supply

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 ◽  
pp. 09002
Author(s):  
Meriem Ameur ◽  
Fadoua Hamzaoui-Azaza ◽  
Moncef Gueddari
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Aquifer System

The Triassic aquifer is located in southereastern Tunisia, in the Medenine region, and being part of Jeffara's multilayer aquifer system. The aquifer is currently overexploited with an exploitation rate of 163%, which led to a generalized drop in the piezometric level in the order of 20 cm/year. This study applied conventional techniques such as hydrochemical compositions, multivariate statistical methods and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). To better identify the processes controlling the hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater quality of Triassic aquifer and its suitability for drinking uses, 14 well water samples from the Triassic aquifer were analysed for physical character and chemical composition. In the groundwater, the respective order of cation and anion concentration was Na>Ca>Mg>K and SO4>Cl>HCO3. The chemical data of water samples from the study area presented by plotting on a Piper diagram reveals the predominance of two hydrochemical types: a Na-Ca-Mg-SO4 facies and a Na-Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4 facies. Analytical results demonstrate that the chemical composition of groundwater in Triassic aquifer is strongly influenced by residence time and flow path. Water quality deteriorates going from southwest to northeast across the region, coincident with the appearance a clay layer limiting the infiltration of rainwater. The majority of ions are above the maximum desirable limits recommended for drinking water by WHO guidelines and Tunisian Standards (NT.09.14). Based on the Water Quality Index (WQI), 36% of water samples of the Triassic aquifer are classified as "poor water" and they cannot be used for drinking purposes without prior treatment.

Observations on the Intake of Water and Electrolytes by the Duck (Anas Platyrhynchos) Maintained on Fresh Water and on Hypertonic Saline

1968 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. FLETCHER ◽  
W. N. HOLMES
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Hypertonic Saline ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Gradual Loss ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Food And Water Intake

1. Intake of food, water and electrolyte by ducks maintained on fresh water and on hypertonic saline were measured over periods up to several months. 2. Transfer to saline approximately equivalent to 60% sea water was followed during the first 24 hr. by a sharp rise and fall in the plasma concentrations of sodium and chloride, which thereafter remained similar to the concentrations found in the freshwater-maintained birds. 3. Transfer to saline equivalent to 100% sea water resulted in a rise in these concentrations during the first 10 hr., which continued for a period up to 14 days, after which the birds either died or became unhealthy. 4. Upon transfer to saline drinking water (284 mM/l. Na+, 6.0 mM/l. K+) there was a gradual loss of body weight accompanied by a reduction in the food and water intake. Body weights tended to become stable after about 3 weeks, but some individuals continued to lose weight while others regained what they had lost. 5. When the concentration of sodium chloride in the drinking water exceeded 143 mM/l. the amount of sodium chloride ingested remained constant. Thus there was progressive decline in the volume of water drunk as the concentration increased. It would appear therefore that the saline-adapted duck possessed some mechanism whereby the daily intake of sodium chloride was regulated. 6. The cloacal output from saline-adapted ducks over a 24 hr. period showed that only 10% of the ingested sodium was excreted via this pathway as compared with over 70% of the ingested potassium. Most of the sodium appeared to be excreted via the nasal glands. 7. The possible interactions between the renal and extra-renal excretory pathways in the maintenance of homeostasis during adaptation to diets including hypertonic saline or seawater are discussed.

The chemical composition of glacial melt water ponds and streams on the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. De Mora ◽  
R. F. Whitehead ◽  
M. Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Austral Summer ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Water Composition ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sediment Cover ◽  
Basin Brine

Melt waters cover c. 20% of the McMurdo Ice Shelf during the austral summer. The streams, ponds, and lakes up to 104 m2 in area occur in two types of terrain systems with differing morphological, chemical, and biological characteristics: pinnacled ice (PI) areas with sparse sediment cover, low relief, and little biomass; and ice-cored moraine (ICM) areas with 10–20 cm sediment cover, hummocky topography with up to 20 m relief, occasional mirabilite deposits, and dense benthic cyanobacterial mats. Pond water composition in the two areas is markedly different. PI area melt waters have low salinities, <2270 mg 1−1 total dissolved salts (TDS), and near neutral pH, mean = 7.8. The chemical composition of PI waters closely follows that of diluted sea water, suggesting that the release of ions from the sea ice matrix of the ice shelf is the major solute source. In contrast, ICM area melt waters have a wide range of salinities, up to 60 400 mg 1−1 TDS and alkaline pH, mean = 9.3. The chemical composition in c. 40% of the ICM ponds investigated did not resemble that of sea water, but had higher relative abundances of SO2−4, Na+, K+ and Ca2+. Leaching of local salt deposits, particularly mirabilite, weathering of surficial sediments, and morphological features promoting closed-basin brine evolution are possible contributing factors to the enrichments.

scholarly journals Environmental monitoring of drinking water quality of Birsk central water supply

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-55
Author(s):  
Aysylu Ayratovna Islamova ◽  
Maria Yuryevna Kolbina ◽  
Rishat Yakhievich Safikhanov
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Ecological Monitoring ◽  
Republic Of Bashkortostan ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
The Republic

This paper examines effects of drinking water components, namely calcium and magnesium ions on the human body as well as it lists the main diseases that occur with prolonged use of hard water. Kostarevsky water intake is described as the only source of centralized water supply of the city. The paper contains data of ecological monitoring of drinking water taken from Kostarevsky water intake in Birsk from 2015 to 2017. The authors compare drinking water in Birsk and some other cities of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The chemical composition of the water was determined by titrimetric, gravimetric, colorimetric, organoleptic, and microbiological methods of investigation. The results of the analysis show that the water given to the population of Birsk along the central water supply line is microbiologically favorable. The chemical composition of water almost in all respects meets the requirements of Sanitary Regulations and Standards 2.1.4.1074-01 Drinking water. Hygienic requirements for water quality. However, the analysis results show that the rigidity of the water exchange is beyond the permissible limit of the norm, which can adversely affect the health of the population. The results obtained during the work can be useful for further ecological monitoring of drinking water in Birsk, Republic of Bashkortostan.

scholarly journals Transformation of water supply of population and economic objects in the Don River basin for the period of 1990-2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 163 ◽  
pp. 05001
Author(s):  
Alexander Demin ◽  
Anna Zaitseva
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Water Complex ◽  
Current State ◽  
Don River

The analysis of the current state of major water consumers and water complex participants is performed. The data on the increase in centralized water supply of the residential accommodation during 2000-2018 is presented. Significant decrease in the volume of water used for drinking water supply is shown. The improvement of water quality in water bodies of most regions is revealed. The use of fresh water for production needs in the Don River basin decreased from 5.8 to 2.9 km3 from 1990 to 2018. The water circulation coefficient in industry increased from 64 to 85%. The area of irrigated lands in the basin has started to decrease significantly since 1990. In 2000 every second hectare of available irrigated land was watered and in 2016 only every fourth was watered.

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