Test Methods for Hyperelastic Characterization of Rubber4

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kupchella ◽  
J. Kidney ◽  
W. Hutchison
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Biaxial Stress ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Optical Methods ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Stress States ◽  
Property Changes

Abstract Optical methods using digital image correlation (DIC) are utilized in developing rubber constitutive tests. Two and three dimensional DIC systems are employed to measure strains on rubber specimens subjected to uniaxial, planar, and biaxial stress states. A special membrane inflation test was developed and is described for providing the biaxial constitutive data. Deformation-induced material property changes for the three modes of testing are quantified using a concept based on energy dissipation. The constitutive test strain ranges for each of the three modes are separately selected to equalize the material states. The methodology is applied to filled rubber compounds in order to characterize them in terms of hyperelastic behavior. Evaluation and comparison of several common hyperelastic models are given, and application to finite element modeling of a structural rubber specimen is described.

Online Method for Characterization of the Homogeneity of Rubber Compounds Filled with Non-Conductive Carbon Black

2006 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 610-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Le ◽  
M. Tiwari ◽  
S. Ilisch ◽  
H-J. Radusch
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Electrical Conductance ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Mixture Ratio ◽  
Dispersion Process ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Conductance Method ◽  
Internal Mixer

Abstract In the present work, the effect of carbon black (CB) type on the electrical conductance of CB filled rubber compounds measured online in the internal mixer and the corresponding CB dispersion were investigated. The CB dispersion is strongly affected by the specific surface area and structure of CB which can be directly monitored by use of the online electrical conductance method. The effect of CB mixture ratio of a high conductive CB and a non-conductive one on the online electrical conductance was investigated for CB filled rubber compounds. By addition of a small amount of a high-conductive CB type into a non-conductive CB filled rubber compound, a characteristic online conductance - time characteristic is observed that is a result of the formation of a joint network of the two CB types. It could be shown, that such a characteristic is suitable to monitor the dispersion process of the non-conductive CB in the rubber compound.

scholarly journals Strain Analysis on Electrochemical Failures of Nanoscale Silicon Electrode Based on Three-Dimensional In Situ Measurement

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhifeng Qi ◽  
Zhongqiang Shan ◽  
Weihao Ma ◽  
Linan Li ◽  
Shibin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Film ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Strain Analysis ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Battery Capacity

Nanoscale silicon film electrodes in Li-ion battery undergo great deformations leading to electrochemical and mechanical failures during repeated charging-discharging cycles. In-situ experimental characterization of the stress/strain in those electrodes still faces big challenges due to remarkable complexity of stress/strain evolution while it is still hard to predict the association between the electrode cycle life and the measurable mechanical parameters. To quantificationally investigate the evolution of the mechanical parameters, we develop a new full field 3D measurement method combining digital image correlation with laser confocal profilometry and propose a strain criterion of the failure based on semi-quantitative analysis via mean strain gradient (MSG). The experimental protocol and results illustrate that the revolution of MSG correlates positively with battery capacity decay, which may inspire future studies in the field of film electrodes.

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF FILLER STRUCTURE IN SILICA-FILLED SBR COMPOUNDS BY MEANS OF SAXS AND AFM

2015 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 690-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Otegui ◽  
Luis A. Miccio ◽  
Arantxa Arbe ◽  
Gustavo A. Schwartz ◽  
Mathias Meyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Force Microscopy ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Primary Particles ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Filler Structure

ABSTRACT The structure of the silica particles network in two different solution styrene–butadiene rubbers (S-SBRs) was studied by means of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). S-SBR compounds with different silica contents were analyzed in comparison with their oil extended counterparts. A study into the application of SAXS experiments was defined to quantify the structures of silica primary particles and clusters in filled rubber compounds up to very high levels of filler content. We propose a modified structure model that is physically more sound than the widely used Beaucage model and that leads to more robust quantification of the silica structures. In addition, an independent characterization of the filler structure was performed by means of AFM. The cluster and particle sizes deduced from both techniques are in close agreement, supporting the proposed approach. The synergetic application of SAXS and AFM allows a consistent and robust characterization of primary particles and clusters in terms of size and structure. These results were compared and discussed in the framework of previously published works.

Tire Contact Stresses and Their Effects on Instability Rutting of Asphalt Mixture Pavements: Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis

2003 ◽  
Vol 1853 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Novak ◽  
Bjorn Birgisson ◽  
Reynaldo Roque
Keyword(s):  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Surface Shear ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Vertical Loading ◽  
Stress States

Instability rutting generally occurs within the top 2 in. of the asphalt layer when the structural properties of the asphalt concrete are inadequate to resist the stresses imposed on it. Several researchers have presented observations in attempts to explain instability rutting, but a clear identification of the mechanism does not exist. Stresses in the asphalt layer caused by measured tire interface stresses were analyzed in three dimensions by using finite elements to identify possible mechanisms for instability rutting. The analysis showed that radial tires produce high near-surface shear stresses at low confinements, which are not predicted with traditional uniform vertical loading conditions, in the region where instability rutting is known to occur. The resulting shear stresses tend to be shallower than for the uniformly loaded case, and they are focused in areas where instability rutting has been observed. The observed stress states imply that the characterization of instability rutting requires testing at these low confinement (and sometimes tensile) stress states, rather than at the higher stress states typically used in the strength characterization of mixtures.

Temporal Development of Material Properties in Free Swelling Chondrocyte-Seeded Agarose Constructs

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terri-Ann N. Kelly ◽  
Christopher C.-B. Wang ◽  
Nadeen O. Chahine ◽  
Gerard A. Ateshian ◽  
Clark T. Hung
Keyword(s):  
Material Properties ◽  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Cartilage Explants ◽  
Polymer Systems ◽  
Free Swelling ◽  
Hydrogel Polymer

Abstract An understanding of chondrocyte mechanotransduction requires knowledge of the deformational fields within the tissue. Since the study of chondrocyte mechanotransduction in articular cartilage explants is hampered by its inhomogeneous biochemical composition and biomechanical properties, investigators have performed loading studies of chondrocyte-suspended hydrogel polymer systems such as agarose [1]. Prior to significant matrix elaboration by the cells, the agarose offers a uniform, uncharged three-dimensional (3D) mechanical environment for chondrocytes [2,3]. In this study, a technique, which combines video microscopy [4] and digital image correlation [5], was used to provide a novel characterization of the temporal changes in displacement field, apparent Young’s Modulus and apparent Poisson’s ratio of free swelling chondrocyte-seeded agarose constructs. Biochemical analysis was performed to permit correlation of these parameters with matrix elaboration.

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