scholarly journals Distribution of vibrio cholerae non-ol in and around the Hiroshima City aquatic environment, Japan.

1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 467-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
CIIRA KIIYUKIA ◽  
HIROYUKI NAKANO ◽  
RAJAM RAJENDRAN ◽  
HIDEYUKI KAWAKAMI ◽  
HIDEO HASHIMOTO
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Hiroshima City

scholarly journals Transmission of Vibrio cholerae Is Antagonized by Lytic Phage and Entry into the Aquatic Environment

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. e1000187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric J. Nelson ◽  
Ashrafuzzaman Chowdhury ◽  
James Flynn ◽  
Stefan Schild ◽  
Lori Bourassa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Lytic Phage

scholarly journals Seasonal Cholera Caused by Vibrio cholerae Serogroups O1 and O139 in the Coastal Aquatic Environment of Bangladesh

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 4096-4104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Munirul Alam ◽  
Nur A. Hasan ◽  
Abdus Sadique ◽  
N. A. Bhuiyan ◽  
Kabir U. Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Enrichment Culture ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Blot Hybridization ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Direct Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
El Tor

ABSTRACT Since Vibrio cholerae O139 first appeared in 1992, both O1 El Tor and O139 have been recognized as the epidemic serogroups, although their geographic distribution, endemicity, and reservoir are not fully understood. To address this lack of information, a study of the epidemiology and ecology of V. cholerae O1 and O139 was carried out in two coastal areas, Bakerganj and Mathbaria, Bangladesh, where cholera occurs seasonally. The results of a biweekly clinical study (January 2004 to May 2005), employing culture methods, and of an ecological study (monthly in Bakerganj and biweekly in Mathbaria from March 2004 to May 2005), employing direct and enrichment culture, colony blot hybridization, and direct fluorescent-antibody methods, showed that cholera is endemic in both Bakerganj and Mathbaria and that V. cholerae O1, O139, and non-O1/non-O139 are autochthonous to the aquatic environment. Although V. cholerae O1 and O139 were isolated from both areas, most noteworthy was the isolation of V. cholerae O139 in March, July, and September 2004 in Mathbaria, where seasonal cholera was clinically linked only to V. cholerae O1. In Mathbaria, V. cholerae O139 emerged as the sole cause of a significant outbreak of cholera in March 2005. V. cholerae O1 reemerged clinically in April 2005 and established dominance over V. cholerae O139, continuing to cause cholera in Mathbaria. In conclusion, the epidemic potential and coastal aquatic reservoir for V. cholerae O139 have been demonstrated. Based on the results of this study, the coastal ecosystem of the Bay of Bengal is concluded to be a significant reservoir for the epidemic serogroups of V. cholerae.

scholarly journals Simple Procedure for Rapid Identification of Vibrio cholerae from the Aquatic Environment

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 995-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nipa Choopun ◽  
Val�rie Louis ◽  
Anwar Huq ◽  
Rita R. Colwell
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Simple Procedure ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Rapid Technique ◽  
Arginine Dihydrolase ◽  
Esculin Hydrolysis

ABSTRACT Biochemical tests commonly used to screen for Vibrio cholerae in environmental samples were evaluated, and we found that a combination of alkaline peptone enrichment followed by streaking on thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar and testing for arginine dihydrolase activity and esculin hydrolysis was an effective rapid technique to screen for aquatic environmental V. cholerae. This technique provided 100% sensitivity and ≥70% specificity.

scholarly journals Association of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor and O139 Bengal with the Copepods Acartia tonsa and Eurytemora affinis

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (24) ◽  
pp. 7926-7933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tonya K. Rawlings ◽  
Gregory M. Ruiz ◽  
Rita R. Colwell
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Acartia Tonsa ◽  
Copepod Species ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Eurytemora Affinis ◽  
Rural Bangladesh ◽  
Laboratory Microcosm ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae O1 ◽  
El Tor

ABSTRACT The association of Vibrio cholerae with zooplankton has been suggested as an important factor in transmission of human epidemic cholera, and the ability to colonize zooplankton surfaces may play a role in the temporal variation and predominance of the two different serogroups (V. cholerae O1 El Tor and O139) in the aquatic environment. To date, interactions between specific serogroups and species of plankton remain poorly understood. Laboratory microcosm experiments were carried out to compare quantitatively the colonization of two copepod species, Acartia tonsa and Eurytemora affinis, by each of the epidemic serogroups. V. cholerae O1 consistently achieved higher abundances than V. cholerae O139 in colonizing adults of each copepod species as well as the multiple life stages of E. affinis. This difference in colonization may be significant in the general predominance of V. cholerae O1 in cholera epidemics in rural Bangladesh where water supplies are taken directly from the environment.

scholarly journals Viable but Nonculturable Vibrio cholerae O1 in the Aquatic Environment of Argentina

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 7481-7486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norma Binsztein ◽  
Marcela C. Costagliola ◽  
Mariana Pichel ◽  
Verónica Jurquiza ◽  
Fernando C. Ramírez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Acartia Tonsa ◽  
Marine Waters ◽  
Viable But Nonculturable ◽  
The World ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae O1 ◽  
Geographic Regions ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Paracalanus Parvus

ABSTRACT In Argentina, as in other countries of Latin America, cholera has occurred in an epidemic pattern. Vibrio cholerae O1 is native to the aquatic environment, and it occurs in both culturable and viable but nonculturable (VNC) forms, the latter during interepidemic periods. This is the first report of the presence of VNC V. cholerae O1 in the estuarine and marine waters of the Río de la Plata and the Argentine shelf of the Atlantic Ocean, respectively. Employing immunofluorescence and PCR methods, we were able to detect reservoirs of V. cholerae O1 carrying the virulence-associated genes ctxA and tcpA. The VNC forms of V. cholerae O1 were identified in samples of water, phytoplankton, and zooplankton; the latter organisms were mainly the copepods Acartia tonsa, Diaptomus sp., Paracalanus crassirostris, and Paracalanus parvus. We found that under favorable conditions, the VNC form of V. cholerae can revert to the pathogenic, transmissible state. We concluded that V. cholerae O1 is a resident of Argentinean waters, as has been shown to be the case in other geographic regions of the world.

scholarly journals Genes Activated byVibrio choleraeupon Exposure toCaenorhabditis elegansReveal the Mannose-Sensitive Hemagglutinin To Be Essential for Colonization

mSphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelia List ◽  
Andreas Grutsch ◽  
Claudia Radler ◽  
Fatih Cakar ◽  
Franz G. Zingl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Developmental Delay ◽  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Human Pathogen ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Human Host

ABSTRACTDuring its life cycle, the facultative human pathogenVibrio cholerae, which is the causative agent of the diarrheal disease cholera, needs to adapt to a variety of different conditions, such as the human host or the aquatic environment. Importantly, cholera infections originate from the aquatic reservoir whereV. choleraepersists between the outbreaks. In the aquatic environment, bacteria are constantly threatened by predatory protozoa and nematodes, but our knowledge of the response pathways and adaptation strategies ofV. choleraeto such stressors is limited. Using a temporally controlled reporter system of transcription, we identified more than 100 genes ofV. choleraeinduced upon exposure to the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans, which emerged recently as a valuable model for environmental predation during the aquatic lifestyle ofV. cholerae. Besides others, we identified and validated the genes encoding the mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (MSHA) type IV pilus to be significantly induced upon exposure to the nematode. Subsequent analyses demonstrated that the mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin is crucial for attachment ofV. choleraein the pharynx of the worm and initiation of colonization, which results in growth retardation and developmental delay ofC. elegans. Thus, the surface adhesion factor MSHA could be linked to a fitness advantage ofV. choleraeupon contact with bacterium-grazing nematodes.IMPORTANCEThe waterborne diarrheal disease cholera is caused by the bacteriumVibrio cholerae. The facultative human pathogen persists as a natural inhabitant in the aquatic ecosystem between outbreaks. In contrast to the human host,V. choleraerequires a different set of genes to survive in this hostile environment. For example, predatory micrograzers are commonly found in the aquatic environment and use bacteria as a nutrient source, but knowledge of the interaction between bacterivorous grazers andV. choleraeis limited. In this study, we successfully adapted a genetic reporter technology and identified more than 100 genes activated byV. choleraeupon exposure to the bacterium-grazing nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans. This screen provides a first glimpse into responses and adaptational strategies of the bacterial pathogen against such natural predators. Subsequent phenotypic characterization revealed the mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin to be crucial for colonization of the worm, which causes developmental delay and growth retardation.

scholarly journals Systematic genetic dissection of chitin degradation and uptake inVibrio cholerae

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chelsea A. Hayes ◽  
Triana N. Dalia ◽  
Ankur B. Dalia
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Natural Transformation ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Chitinase Activity ◽  
Crustacean Zooplankton ◽  
Genetic Dissection ◽  
Chitin Degradation ◽  
Environmental Reservoir

SUMMARYVibrio choleraeis a natural resident of the aquatic environment, where a common nutrient is the chitinous exoskeletons of microscopic crustaceans. Chitin utilization requires chitinases, which degrade this insoluble polymer into soluble chitin oligosaccharides. These oligosaccharides also serve as an inducing cue for natural transformation inVibriospecies. There are 7 predicted endochitinase-like genes in theV. choleraegenome. Here, we systematically dissect the contribution of each gene to growth on chitin as well as induction of natural transformation. Specifically, we created a strain that lacks all 7 putative chitinases and from this strain, generated a panel of strains where each expresses a single chitinase. We also generated expression plasmids to ectopically express all 7 chitinases in our chitinase deficient strain. Through this analysis, we found that low levels of chitinase activity are sufficient for natural transformation, while growth on insoluble chitin as a sole carbon source requires more robust and concerted chitinase activity. We also assessed the role that the three uptake systems for the chitin degradation products GlcNAc, (GlcNAc)2, and (GlcN)2, play in chitin utilization and competence induction. Cumulatively, this study provides mechanistic details for how this pathogen utilizes chitin to thrive and evolve in its environmental reservoir.ORIGINALITY-SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTVibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the diarrheal disease cholera, interacts with the chitinous shells of crustacean zooplankton in the aquatic environment, which serves as an environmental reservoir for this pathogen. It degrades and utilizes chitin-derived products as a source of carbon and nitrogen. Also, chitin serves as an inducing cue for natural transformation – an important mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in this species. Here, we systematically dissect the genes required for chitin degradation and uptake, and characterize the role of these genes for growth on chitin as a nutrient and during chitininduced natural transformation. Thus, this study provides mechanistic details for how this pathogen utilizes chitin to thrive and evolve in its environmental reservoir.

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