Small Farmers and the Green Revolution in Kenya

1977 ◽  
pp. 182 ◽  
Author(s):  
William I. Jones ◽  
John Gerhart
Keyword(s):  
Green Revolution ◽  
Small Farmers

scholarly journals Land Agglomeration under Changing Technology: Some Inferences from Pakistan

1990 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-122
Author(s):  
M Ghaffar Chaudhry
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Technological Changes ◽  
Land Reforms ◽  
Land Distribution ◽  
Inheritance Laws

The paper studies the intertemporal trend of land distribution with a view to checking the legitimacy of the thesis that land distribution deteriorated under the Green Revolution in Pakistan by examining the arguments given in support of this thesis. The empirical evidence cited in this study indicates that land distribution in Pakistan either improved (as from 1960 to 1972) or remained unchanged (as between 1972 and 1980). This trend in land distribution serves to show that technological changes were accompanied by significant improvements in land distribution between 1960 and 1980. Large increases in the ownership area of small farmers between 1972 and 1980 vis-a-vis the decreases in the ownership area of large farmers during the same period render untenable the view that Green Revolution led to a worsening of land distribution because of land purchases by large farmers. Substantial gains in the operational area of large farmers, due either to large areas of land rented in or to increased self-cultivation, appear to be unlikely in view of the continued and rising dependence of those farmers on tenants. Favourable changes in the distribution of ownership and operational holdings seem to be the result of the widespread impact of Green Revolution on the profitability of agriculture, growing labour'scarcities, land reforms, inheritance laws, and the general trends in the economic development of Pakistan.

Growrth and Distribution of Agrarian Assets in the Punjab

1995 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-223
Author(s):  
Moazam Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
New Technology ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Asset Accumulation ◽  
Distribution Of Wealth ◽  
Endogenous Constraint

This is a micro study of the growth and distribution of the non-land agrarian assets in the Punjab between 1970 and 1984. This period of farm accumulation is interesting especially since it allows us to trace the agricultllral productivity impact of the Green Revolution (introduced in the late 1960's) on the distribution of wealth. The Green Revolution was based on a wide spread adoption of inputs, HYV seed, and fertiliser, albeit with some evidence of time lags and differentials across farm size, and it generated a high rate of acquisition of agrarian assets, especially tubewells and mechanisation. The introduction of the HYV inputs definitely enhanced profitability, income, and wealth in the farm sector, but its impact on the distribution of agrarian assets across income classes was not so definite. This study focuses on this less well-researched aspect of the distribution of wealth generated by the Green Revolution. To examine asset accumulation. we posit an analytical framework of exogenous and endogenous constraints on growth, which is useful in picking up both the common and contrasting patterns of growth and distribution across the two distinct regions of the Punjab. the canal colonies. and southern Punjab. The first exogenous constraint of an imperfect credit market is macro in nature. and is common to both regions. which strongly handicaps asset acquisition by small farmers. Further. there is evidence that, given the new technology. the ownership of assets is an important determinant of both growth and distribution. So this initial equity bias against small farmers in the first round of accumulation implies an even greater bias in the second round. The second endogenous constraint is regionally specific to the more land-concentrated southern region. which generates supervision costs for the largest operators. preventing them from expanding their operated area further through increased mechanisation. It also adds to the persistence in southern Punjab of the contractual form of sharecropping, in contrast to the proliferation of self-cultivation and use of wage-labour in the canal colonies.

Green Revolution in Food Crops: An Indian Experience

1992 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Gahukar
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
Employment Potential ◽  
The 1960S

India is an agricultural country with about 80% of its people dependent on agricultural activites for their livelihood. Indian agriculture accounts for 40% of Gross National Product and about 35% of total exports. The green revolution in agriculture began in the 1960s, and spectacular achievements in foodgrain production (cereals, pulses and oilseeds) resulted from the cultivation of introduced high yielding crop cultivars supplemented with fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation. The green revolution helped the country to feed the people, to stop importing foodgrains and to increase the employment potential. But increasing human population and slow industrial growth resulted in economic imbalance. The green revolution was confined to certain crops (rice, wheat) at the expense of others. The high input technology created problems of continuous monoculture cropping, depletion of the water table, deterioration of soils, introduction and multiplication of insect pests, plant diseases and weeds, intensive use of energy, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, increase in soil salinity and alkalinity, environmental pollution and ecological imbalance. The socio-economic inequalities have been enlarged in rural areas and the land/labour ratio has declined. Local crop cultivation practices have been abandoned even by small farmers. Management in agriculture escaped the attention of policy makers and scientists, and the role of rural women was ignored. Inter- and intra-regional disparities in agricultural development have created serious social and political repercussions. The farm policy has not yet been finalized. Possible solutions to overcome present difficulties and benefit marginal and small farmers and economically backward areas are discussed.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF GREEN REVOLUTION POLICY ON RURAL POVERTY IN PAKISTAN: A CASE STUDY OF DISTRICT SHAHEED BENAZIRABAD SINDH

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
A. A. Joyo ◽  
G. A. Jariko ◽  
Z. H. Channa
Keyword(s):  
Green Revolution ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Monthly Expenditure ◽  
Land Owners

This paper determines the relationship between green revolution policy and rural poverty in Pakistan and also to find the poverty status in the study area. The data collection was based on primary and secondary sources of information. The primary data was collected from 405 respondents living in the district Shaheed Benazirabad, through field survey where as secondary data was collected from various published articles. The data was analyzed with the help of Statistical Package developed for Social Sciences (SPSS-20). The key respondents were divided into three categories of farmers i.e. 325 respondents were small size land owner farmers, 42 respondents were medium size land owners and 38 were large size land owners. These all farmers had total 4044 acres. This study focused on wheat and cotton crops cultivated by all farmers in the district. The secondary data covers per hectare yield of food and cash crops grown in the district that increased the income of farmers and reduced poverty. The average family size included in the study was six members. The poverty line was measured by the method Cost of Basic Needs (CBN) introduced by the Planning Commission of Pakistan; that is Rs.3030/- monthly expenditure of each family member. The results obtained from the study indicated that the average monthly expenditure of small farmers was Rs.18,989/- and their income was Rs.17,439/- (Rs.17,439 - Rs.18,989 -1550). The number of small farmers was 325, who were below the poverty line in winter season (wheat crop) only; the winter season is the second crop sowing season in Pakistan.

Contextual analysis of dynamic drought perception among small farmers in Jamaica

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Gamble ◽  
D Burrell ◽  
J Popke ◽  
S Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Analysis ◽  
Small Farmers
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