Growrth and Distribution of Agrarian Assets in the Punjab

This is a micro study of the growth and distribution of the non-land agrarian assets in the Punjab between 1970 and 1984. This period of farm accumulation is interesting especially since it allows us to trace the agricultllral productivity impact of the Green Revolution (introduced in the late 1960's) on the distribution of wealth. The Green Revolution was based on a wide spread adoption of inputs, HYV seed, and fertiliser, albeit with some evidence of time lags and differentials across farm size, and it generated a high rate of acquisition of agrarian assets, especially tubewells and mechanisation. The introduction of the HYV inputs definitely enhanced profitability, income, and wealth in the farm sector, but its impact on the distribution of agrarian assets across income classes was not so definite. This study focuses on this less well-researched aspect of the distribution of wealth generated by the Green Revolution. To examine asset accumulation. we posit an analytical framework of exogenous and endogenous constraints on growth, which is useful in picking up both the common and contrasting patterns of growth and distribution across the two distinct regions of the Punjab. the canal colonies. and southern Punjab. The first exogenous constraint of an imperfect credit market is macro in nature. and is common to both regions. which strongly handicaps asset acquisition by small farmers. Further. there is evidence that, given the new technology. the ownership of assets is an important determinant of both growth and distribution. So this initial equity bias against small farmers in the first round of accumulation implies an even greater bias in the second round. The second endogenous constraint is regionally specific to the more land-concentrated southern region. which generates supervision costs for the largest operators. preventing them from expanding their operated area further through increased mechanisation. It also adds to the persistence in southern Punjab of the contractual form of sharecropping, in contrast to the proliferation of self-cultivation and use of wage-labour in the canal colonies.

Profitability, Productivity and Contractual Choice in Agriculture

This paper examines cross-sectional trends in profitability, and explains them through contractual choice. Producers attempt to increase profits constrained by their production environments of imperfect markets and imperfect information. Contractual choice then offers an important variable which producers manipulate to increase profitability.-These two critical conditions are seen to determine the observed trends in the relationship between farm size and productivity. The study examines two contrasting production environments, two villages in the Punjab. The production enVironments of the canal colony village has two exogenously imposed constraints, eviction of sharecoppers through mechanisation, and a credit bias against small farms. This weakens the traditionally posited inverse relationship, and leads to profitability and productivity being positively related to farm size. The production environment of the Southern Punjab village has an additional endogenous constraint of an imperfect fixed rental market for land. The consequent reliance on sharecropping leads productivity to describe aU-shaped curve across farm size.