Peak-load Pricing: Some Further Remarks

1974 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver E. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Peak Load

Effect Of Elevated Temperatures On Complete Concrete Deformation Diagrams

2019 ◽  
pp. 9-14
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Relative Deformation ◽  
Deformation Characteristics ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Strain Behavior ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Deformation Diagrams

The analysis of the previous results of the study on concrete stress-strain behavior at elevated temperatures has been carried out. Based on the analysis, the main reasons for strength retrogression and elastic modulus reduction of concrete have been identified. Despite a significant amount of research in this area, there is a large spread in experimental data received, both as a result of compression and tension. In addition, the deformation characteristics of concrete are insufficiently studied: the coefficient of transverse deformation, the limiting relative compression deformation corresponding to the peak load and the almost complete absence of studies of complete deformation diagrams at elevated temperatures. The two testing chambers provided creating the necessary temperature conditions for conducting studies under bending compression and tension have been developed. On the basis of the obtained experimental data of physical and mechanical characteristics of concrete at different temperatures under conditions of axial compression and tensile bending, conclusions about the nature of changes in strength and deformation characteristics have been drawn. Compression tests conducted following the method of concrete deformation complete curves provided obtaining diagrams not only at normal temperature, but also at elevated temperature. Based on the experimental results, dependences of changes in prism strength and elastic modulus as well as an equation for determining the relative deformation and stresses at elevated temperatures at all stages of concrete deterioration have been suggested.

Improvement Of Curvilinear Diagrams Of Concrete Deformation

2019 ◽  
pp. 99-104
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Concrete Structures ◽  
Deformation Model ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Structures ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Deformation Diagrams

Problems when calculating reinforced concrete structures based on the concrete deformation under compression diagram, which is presented both in Russian and foreign regulatory documents on the design of concrete and reinforced concrete structures are considered. The correctness of their compliance for all classes of concrete remains very approximate, especially a significant difference occurs when using Euronorm due to the different shape and sizes of the samples. At present, there are no methodical recommendations for determining the ultimate relative deformations of concrete under axial compression and the construction of curvilinear deformation diagrams, which leads to limited experimental data and, as a result, does not make it possible to enter more detailed ultimate strain values into domestic standards. The results of experimental studies to determine the ultimate relative deformations of concrete under compression for different classes of concrete, which allowed to make analytical dependences for the evaluation of the ultimate relative deformations and description of curvilinear deformation diagrams, are presented. The article discusses various options for using the deformation model to assess the stress-strain state of the structure, it is concluded that it is necessary to use not only the finite values of the ultimate deformations, but also their intermediate values. This requires reliable diagrams "s–e” for all classes of concrete. The difficulties of measuring deformations in concrete subjected to peak load, corresponding to the prismatic strength, as well as main cracks that appeared under conditions of long-term step loading are highlighted. Variants of more accurate measurements are proposed. Development and implementation of the new standard GOST "Concretes. Methods for determination of complete diagrams" on the basis of the developed method for obtaining complete diagrams of concrete deformation under compression for the evaluation of ultimate deformability of concrete under compression are necessary.

Prediction, Testing, and Analysis of a 50 m Long Pile in Soft Marine Clay

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bengt Fellenius
Keyword(s):  
Peak Load ◽  
Pile Head ◽  
Marine Clay ◽  
Loading Test ◽  
Head Displacement ◽  
Floating Pile ◽  
Peak Loads ◽  
Static Loading Test ◽  
Beta Coefficient ◽  
Load Movement

On April 4, 2018, 209 days after driving, a static loading test was performed on a 50 m long, strain-gage instrumented, square 275-mm diameter, precast, shaft-bearing (“floating”) pile in Göteborg, Sweden. The soil profile consisted of a 90 m thick, soft, postglacial, marine clay. The groundwater table was at about 1.0 m depth. The undrained shear strength was about 20 kPa at 10 m depth and increased linearly to about 80 kPa at 55m depth. The load-distribution at the peak load correlated to an average effective stress beta-coefficient of 0.19 along the pile or, alternatively, a unit shaft shear resistance of 15 kPa at 10 m depth increasing to about 65 kPa at 50 m depth, indicating an α-coefficient of about 0.80. Prior to the test, geotechnical engineers around the world were invited to predict the load-movement curve to be established in the test—22 predictions from 10 countries were received. The predictions of pile stiffness, and pile head displacement showed considerable scatter, however. Predicted peak loads ranged from 65% to 200% of the actual 1,800-kN peak-load, and 35% to 300% of the load at 22-mm movement.

scholarly journals Price-Based Demand Side Response Programs and Their Effectiveness on the Example of TOU Electricity Tariff for Residential Consumers

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 287
Author(s):  
Jerzy Andruszkiewicz ◽  
Józef Lorenc ◽  
Agnieszka Weychan
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Case Study Analysis ◽  
Efficiency Assessment ◽  
Electricity Use ◽  
Residential Electricity ◽  
Demand Side Response ◽  
Residential Consumers

Demand side response is becoming an increasingly significant issue for reliable power systems’ operation. Therefore, it is desirable to ensure high effectiveness of such programs, including electricity tariffs. The purpose of the study is developing a method for analysing electricity tariff’s effectiveness in terms of demand side response purposes based on statistical data concerning tariffs’ use by the consumers and price elasticity of their electricity demand. A case-study analysis is presented for residential electricity consumers, shifting the settlement and consequently the profile of electricity use from a flat to a time-of-use tariff, based on the comparison of the considered tariff groups. Additionally, a correlation analysis is suggested to verify tariffs’ influence of the power system’s peak load based on residential electricity tariffs in Poland. The presented analysis proves that large residential consumers aggregated by tariff incentives may have a significant impact on the power system’s load and this impact changes substantially for particular hours of a day or season. Such efficiency assessment may be used by both energy suppliers to optimize their market purchases and by distribution system operators in order to ensure adequate generation during peak load periods.

scholarly journals Optimal Integration of Photovoltaic Sources in Distribution Networks for Daily Energy Losses Minimization Using the Vortex Search Algorithm

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4418
Author(s):  
Alejandra Paz-Rodríguez ◽  
Juan Felipe Castro-Ordoñez ◽  
Oscar Danilo Montoya ◽  
Diego Armando Giral-Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Objective Function ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Continuous Version ◽  
Continuous Section ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Discrete Part

This paper deals with the optimal siting and sizing problem of photovoltaic (PV) generators in electrical distribution networks considering daily load and generation profiles. It proposes the discrete-continuous version of the vortex search algorithm (DCVSA) to locate and size the PV sources where the discrete part of the codification defines the nodes. Renewable generators are installed in these nodes, and the continuous section determines their optimal sizes. In addition, through the successive approximation power flow method, the objective function of the optimization model is obtained. This objective function is related to the minimization of the daily energy losses. This method allows determining the power losses in each period for each renewable generation input provided by the DCVSA (i.e., location and sizing of the PV sources). Numerical validations in the IEEE 33- and IEEE 69-bus systems demonstrate that: (i) the proposed DCVSA finds the optimal global solution for both test feeders when the location and size of the PV generators are explored, considering the peak load scenario. (ii) In the case of the daily operative scenario, the total reduction of energy losses for both test feeders are 23.3643% and 24.3863%, respectively; and (iii) the DCVSA presents a better numerical performance regarding the objective function value when compared with the BONMIN solver in the GAMS software, which demonstrates the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed master-slave optimization algorithm.

scholarly journals Permanent Housing for Seasonal Workers? A Generalized Peak Load Investment Model for Farm Worker Housing

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-169
Author(s):  
Elvis Qenani-Petrela ◽  
Ron Mittelhammer ◽  
Philip Wandschneider
Keyword(s):  
Public Investment ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Investment Model ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Farm Worker ◽  
Load Model ◽  
Seasonal Workers ◽  
Permanent Housing ◽  
Worker Housing

Many seasonal workers are housed in transitory accommodations, including tents and vehicles. In this study, we analyze the supply side of this problem by assuming that a public agent must house the workers through direct public investment. A peak load model is adapted to develop investment rules for the least-cost provision of seasonal worker housing, adding an interacting multi-season component to existing models. Based on this model and the data from three prototype projects, the majority of the least-cost investment would be in permanent, but seasonally occupied, housing.

RENT-SEEKING AND PEAK-LOAD PRICING OF PUBLIC SERVICES

1990 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-503
Author(s):  
DWIGHT R. LEE ◽  
PAUL W. WILSON
Keyword(s):  
Public Services ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Rent Seeking
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document