The Relationship of Beaded Rootlets and Mycorrhizae of Red Maple (Acer rubrum L.)

1970 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Medve
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Relationships Among Potassium, Calcium and Trace Elements in Tree Leaves and Associated Canopy Arthropods

1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lance S. Risley
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Nutritional Ecology ◽  
Nutrient Cycles ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Flowering Dogwood ◽  
Quercus Prinus ◽  
The Relationship

There is a paucity of information that describes the relationship between the suite of nutrient elements in tree foliage and associated arthropod assemblages. Foliage from chestnut oak (Quercus prinus), hickories (Carya spp.), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), red maple (Acer rubrum), and flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) and associated canopy arthropods were collected in an undisturbed and a 15 yr-old successional forested watershed and analyzed for K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr. Foliar Mn and Sr were found in higher concentrations in the undisturbed watershed. Foliage from hickories was generally higher in concentrations of metals (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn) compared with other tree species. Dogwood foliage had significantly higher concentrations of Ca and significantly lower concentrations of Mn than other tree species (P < 0.05). Concentrations of foliar elements in herbivore-damaged and undamaged leaves did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). Concentrations of elements in and among arthropod feeding categories varied substantially such that no trends were apparent among tree species and between watersheds. The most apparent trend among arthropod feeding categories was the relatively large accumulation of K in chewing herbivores (primarily caterpillars). In general, there appeared to be increases in K, Fe, Cu, and Zn concentrations from primary producers to consumers. This study contributes to arthropod nutritional ecology and to defining the role of canopy arthropods in forest ecosystem nutrient cycles.

Effect of gap harvesting on epiphytes and bark-dwelling arthropods in the Acadian forest of central Maine

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 2175-2187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn M. Miller ◽  
Robert G. Wagner ◽  
Stephen A. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Canonical Correlation ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Arthropod Communities ◽  
Undisturbed Forest ◽  
Bark Texture ◽  
The Relationship

Using a long-term silvicultural experiment, we (i) investigated how epiphyte and arthropod communities were affected by height on the stem, bark texture, and stem diameter of red maple ( Acer rubrum L.) trees, (ii) examined how harvest gaps influenced epiphyte and arthropod communities on red maple boles, and (iii) explored whether these effects influenced the relationship between the epiphyte and arthropod communities. Arthropod and epiphyte assemblages dwelling on the bark of red maple trees located in undisturbed forest and harvest gaps varied with height. Bryophytes, Cladonia spp., and cyanolichens were most abundant near the base of the tree, while noncyano, foliose lichens and fruticose lichens were most abundant 4–6 m above the ground. Acari, Araneae, and Collembola were most abundant near the base of the tree, while Diptera were most abundant above 2 m. A previously undocumented assemblage of dipterans (flies), primarily in the suborder Nematocera, was found. Gap harvesting reduced the abundance of bryophytes, Collembola (springtails), Araneae (spiders), and total arthropods on the bark of red maple. Canonical correlation analysis revealed a positive association between bryophytes, Collembola, and Araneae. A strong correlation between Collembola and Araneae suggested a possible trophic interaction that may be affected by gap harvesting through a reduction in bryophyte abundance.

ESTIMATING EPIDEMIC POPULATIONS OF THE LESSER MAPLE SPANWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)

1979 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-200
Author(s):  
W. J. A. Volney
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Larval Density ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Number Of Shoots

AbstractThe distribution of lesser maple spanworm, Itame pustularia (Gn.) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) larvae in red maple, Acer rubrum L., crowns and of pupae under these trees, and the relationship between the number of shoots on these trees and several easily-measured tree dimensions are used to design sampling techniques for estimating the mean number of larvae per shoot and the mean number of pupae per unit area in epidemic populations. An estimate of the total number of larvae per unit area is obtained from the product of larval density and the number of shoots per unit area. Some indication of how this latter estimate might be obtained is discussed. Because of the strong relationship between stem diameter and the number of shoots on a tree, a double sample procedure can be designed based on shoot counts from a relatively small number of trees. Auxiliary measurements on a large number of trees can improve the precision of the estimate.

scholarly journals Low-temperature Exotherms and Cold Hardiness in Three Taxa of Deciduous Trees

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. 830-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orville M. Lindstrom ◽  
Tomasz Anisko ◽  
Michael A. Dirr
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Fraxinus Americana ◽  
Freeze Avoidance ◽  
Deep Supercooling ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Zelkova Serrata

Although differential thermal analysis has been routinely used to evaluate cold hardiness, the relationship of deep supercooling ability and plant survival are not well understood. In this study, we compared the seasonal profiles of changes in low-temperature exotherm (LTE) occurrence with visually determined cold hardiness of Acer rubrum L. `Armstrong', Fraxinus americana L. `Autumn Purple' and Zelkova serrata (Thunh.) Mak. `Village Green' growing in three locations representing plant cold hardiness zones 8b, 7b, and 5a. Between December and February, LTEs in Acer rubrum `Armstrong' and Fraxinus americana `Autumn Purple' occurred at temperatures around 10 to 25C lower than the lowest survival temperatures. The mean difference between LTEs and lowest survival temperature was not significant for Zelkova serrata `Village Green' from January to April and for Acer rubrum `Armstrong' and Fraxinus americana `Autumn Purple' in March. Data indicated that LTEs could be used as an estimate of lowest survival temperature in Zelkova serrata `Green Village' but not in Acer rubrum `Armstrong' and Fraxinus americana `Autumn Purple'. This study demonstrated that LTEs may not reliably estimate cold hardiness in all species that deep supercool. Factors other than freeze avoidance ability of xylem may limit stem survival at temperatures above the LTE.

Relationship between soil metal contamination and metal resistance of callus established from mature red maple

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 1073-1077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun A Watmough ◽  
Thomas C Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Metal Contamination ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Metal Resistance ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Polluted Soils ◽  
Soil Metal Contamination ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between metal contamination in surface soil and metal resistance of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) callus was examined by sampling mature trees along a transect extending away from a metal smelter at Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec. Callus tissue, established from shoots, was tested for resistance to zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and arsenic (As) (a metalloid). Strong positive linear correlations were found between Zn resistance of callus and total Zn in soil beneath sampled trees (r = 0.83, p < 0.001) at concentrations between 73.4 and 840 mg Zn·kg-1 and between Zn resistance and H2O-extractable Zn (r = 0.83; p < 0.001) at values between 0.3 and 11.8 mg Zn·kg-1. Despite high total concentrations of As in soil, which were between 6.2 and 499 mg·kg-1, there was no significant correlation between As resistance of red maple callus and soil As levels. However, H2O-extractable As concentrations were very low (< 0.11 mg·kg-1). Concentrations of Cd and Ni in surface soil beneath trees were not high, and there were no significant correlations between Cd resistance of callus and soil Cd or between Ni resistance in vitro and soil Ni. The origin of these resistance traits, and their significance to the survival of trees in metal-polluted soils, is discussed.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

Skeletal elements of crinoid echinoderms: High-resolution structural and microanalytical results

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 194-195
Author(s):  
D. F. Blake ◽  
L. F. Allard ◽  
D. R. Peacor
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Sea Stars ◽  
High Resolution Tem ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Echinodermata is a phylum of marine invertebrates which has been extant since Cambrian time (c.a. 500 m.y. before the present). Modern examples of echinoderms include sea urchins, sea stars, and sea lilies (crinoids). The endoskeletons of echinoderms are composed of plates or ossicles (Fig. 1) which are with few exceptions, porous, single crystals of high-magnesian calcite. Despite their single crystal nature, fracture surfaces do not exhibit the near-perfect {10.4} cleavage characteristic of inorganic calcite. This paradoxical mix of biogenic and inorganic features has prompted much recent work on echinoderm skeletal crystallography. Furthermore, fossil echinoderm hard parts comprise a volumetrically significant portion of some marine limestones sequences. The ultrastructural and microchemical characterization of modern skeletal material should lend insight into: 1). The nature of the biogenic processes involved, for example, the relationship of Mg heterogeneity to morphological and structural features in modern echinoderm material, and 2). The nature of the diagenetic changes undergone by their ancient, fossilized counterparts. In this study, high resolution TEM (HRTEM), high voltage TEM (HVTEM), and STEM microanalysis are used to characterize tha ultrastructural and microchemical composition of skeletal elements of the modern crinoid Neocrinus blakei.

Studies on Leukemogenic and Sarcomagenic Viruses

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 156-157
Author(s):  
Leon Dmochowski
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Mode Of Development ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Electron microscopy has proved to be an invaluable discipline in studies on the relationship of viruses to the origin of leukemia, sarcoma, and other types of tumors in animals and man. The successful cell-free transmission of leukemia and sarcoma in mice, rats, hamsters, and cats, interpreted as due to a virus or viruses, was proved to be due to a virus on the basis of electron microscope studies. These studies demonstrated that all the types of neoplasia in animals of the species examined are produced by a virus of certain characteristic morphological properties similar, if not identical, in the mode of development in all types of neoplasia in animals, as shown in Fig. 1.

The relationship of IGE receptor topography to signaling activity in RBL-2H3 mast cells

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 236-237
Author(s):  
J.R. Pfeiffer ◽  
J.C. Seagrave ◽  
C. Wofsy ◽  
J.M. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cells ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Scattered Electron ◽  
Ige Receptor ◽  
Receptor Complexes ◽  
Ige Binding ◽  
Electron Imaging ◽  
Small Clusters ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

In RBL-2H3 rat leukemic mast cells, crosslinking IgE-receptor complexes with anti-IgE antibody leads to degranulation. Receptor crosslinking also stimulates the redistribution of receptors on the cell surface, a process that can be observed by labeling the anti-IgE with 15 nm protein A-gold particles as described in Stump et al. (1989), followed by back-scattered electron imaging (BEI) in the scanning electron microscope. We report that anti-IgE binding stimulates the redistribution of IgE-receptor complexes at 37“C from a dispersed topography (singlets and doublets; S/D) to distributions dominated sequentially by short chains, small clusters and large aggregates of crosslinked receptors. These patterns can be observed (Figure 1), quantified (Figure 2) and analyzed statistically. Cells incubated with 1 μg/ml anti-IgE, a concentration that stimulates maximum net secretion, redistribute receptors as far as chains and small clusters during a 15 min incubation period. At 3 and 10 μg/ml anti-IgE, net secretion is reduced and the majority of receptors redistribute rapidly into clusters and large aggregates.

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