An Analysis of the Potential Production of Swards of Subterranean Clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) at Adelaide, South Australia

1964 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Black
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Potential Production

Occurrence of Phytophthora clandestina in Trifolium subterraneum paddocks in Australia

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Aldaoud ◽  
W. Guppy ◽  
L. Callinan ◽  
S. F. Flett ◽  
K. A. Wratten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Differential Cultivars

In 1995–96, a survey of soil samples from subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) paddocks was conducted across Victoria, South Australia, New South Wales and Western Australia, to determine the distribution and the prevalence of races of Phytophthora clandestina (as determined by the development of root rot on differential cultivars), and the association of its occurrence with paddock variables. In all states, there was a weak but significant association between P. clandestina detected in soil samples and subsequent root rot susceptibility of differential cultivars grown in these soil samples. Phytophthora clandestina was found in 38% of the sampled sites, with a significantly lower prevalence in South Australia (27%). There were significant positive associations between P. clandestina detection and increased soil salinity (Western Australia), early growth stages of subterranean clover (Victoria), mature subterranean clover (South Australia), recently sown subterranean clover (South Australia), paddocks with higher subterranean clover content (Victoria), where herbicides were not applied (South Australia), irrigation (New South Wales and Victoria), cattle grazing (South Australia and Victoria), early sampling dates (Victoria and New South Wales), sampling shortly after the autumn break or first irrigation (Victoria), shorter soil storage time (Victoria) and farmer’s perception of root rot being present (Victoria and New South Wales). Only 29% of P. clandestina isolates could be classified under the 5 known races. Some of the unknown races were virulent on cv. Seaton Park LF (most resistant) and others were avirulent on cv. Woogenellup (most susceptible). Race 1 was significantly less prevalent in South Australia than Victoria and race 0 was significantly less prevalent in New South Wales than in South Australia and Western Australia. This study revealed extremely wide variation in the virulence of P. clandestina. The potential importance of the results on programs to breed for resistance to root rot are discussed. in South Australia.

Izmir subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum)

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 226 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. H. Nichols ◽  
G. A. Sandral ◽  
B. S. Dear ◽  
C. T. de Koning ◽  
D. L. Lloyd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
New South ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Good Seed ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Pasture Legume

Izmir is a hardseeded, early flowering, subterranean clover of var. subterraneum (Katz. et Morley) Zohary and Heller collected from Turkey and developed by the collaborating organisations of the National Annual Pasture Legume Improvement Program. It is a more hardseeded replacement for Nungarin and best suited to well-drained, moderately acidic soils in areas with a growing season of less than 4.5 months. Izmir seed production and regeneration densities in 3-year pasture phases were similar to Nungarin in 21 trials across southern Australia, but markedly greater in years following a crop or no seed set. Over all measurements, Izmir produced 10% more winter herbage and 7% more spring herbage than Nungarin. Its greater hardseededness and good seed production, makes it better suited to cropping rotations than Nungarin. Softening of Izmir hard seeds occurs later in the summer–autumn period than Nungarin, giving it slightly greater protection from seed losses following false breaks to the season. Izmir is recommended for sowing in Western Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Queensland. Izmir has been granted Plant Breeders Rights in Australia.

Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla) on potato in south-eastern South Australia

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 455 ◽  
Author(s):  
GR Stirling ◽  
MF Wachtel
Keyword(s):  
Potato Crop ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Meloidogyne Hapla ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Alternate Host ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Potato Crops

In south-eastern South Australia root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla) caused losses to potato crops in fields that were sown once every 5- 15 years and were used for grazing in the intervening years. Although seed used by some growers was infested with M. hapla, the nematode also survived between potato crops on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum), the dominant pasture species, and capeweed (Cryptostemma calendula). Subterranean clover was the most abundant alternate host. Nematodes invaded clover seedlings that established following rain in April and produced eggs about 12 weeks later. A second generation was produced in late winter and spring, so that a relatively high root-knot nematode population was present when potatoes were planted. The population increased rapidly on potatoes and numbers capable of causing severe root damage were observed 10- 15 weeks after planting. The growing of non-host crops, or the use of herbicides or cultivation to eliminate subterranean clover in the winter prior to the potato crop, should be investigated. In a nematicide trial, ethylene dibromide at 70 and 110 kg/ha increased yields of potato cv. Pontiac by about 90%.

Genetic variability in Seaton Park subterranean clover

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter ◽  
WJ Collins ◽  
Y Haynes
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Predominant Genotype ◽  
Isozyme Patterns ◽  
Commercial Strain ◽  
Western Australian

Single plants of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) were grown from seed of 13 commercial Seaton Park seed samples and of five pastures sown to Seaton Park at least 8 years previously. Most populations had several variants of Seaton Park, though the predominant genotype was that usually considered to be the Seaton Park strain - herein differentiated as Western Australian Seaton Park (W.A.S.Pk). The original Seaton Park - from the Royal Adelaide Golf Course in South Australia - differed slightly but clearly in several characters, including some seed isozyme patterns, from W.A.S.Pk. It was present in half of the populations, but at low frequencies (1-6% of the total). One genotype (strain S) comprised 20% or more of the populations from three commercial seed samples; it contained significant levels of the oestrogenic isoflavone formononetin. The origin of W.A.S.Pk remains unclear. The present commercial strain (cv. Seaton Park) is being re-built, based on W.A.S.Pk alone.

scholarly journals The Interaction of Light and Temperature in Determining the Growth Rate of Subterranean Clover (Trifolium Subterraneum l.)

1955 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 330 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Vegetative Stage ◽  
Agricultural Research Institute ◽  
Waite Agricultural Research Institute ◽  
Pot Culture

An experiment is described in which the growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in the early vegetative stage was measured over 52 consecutive weekly periods. To eliminate possible trends of growth rates with age, plants of comparable morphological stage were used for each period. The variety Bacchus Marsh was grown in pot culture in the open at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia.

Bean leafroll virus is widespread in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) seed crops and can be persistently transmitted by bluegreen aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji)

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 902 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Peck ◽  
N. Habili ◽  
R. M. Nair ◽  
J. W. Randles ◽  
C. T. de Koning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Alfalfa Mosaic Virus ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Bean Leafroll Virus ◽  
Leafroll Virus ◽  
Clover Seed

In the mid 2000s subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) seed producers in South Australia reported symptoms of a red-leaf disease in fields with reduced seed yields. The red-leaf symptoms resembled those caused by several clover-infecting viruses. A set of molecular diagnostic tools were developed for the following viruses which are known to infect subterranean clover: Alfalfa mosaic virus; Bean leafroll virus (BLRV); Beet western yellows virus; Bean yellow mosaic virus; Cucumber mosaic virus; Pea seed-borne mosaic virus; Soybean dwarf virus and Subterranean clover stunt virus. Surveys of subterranean clover seed production fields in 2008 in the south-east of South Australia and western Victoria identified Bean leafroll virus, Alfalfa mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus as present, with BLRV the most widespread. Surveys of pasture seed production fields and pasture evaluation trials in 2009 confirmed that BLRV was widespread. This result will allow seed producers to determine whether control measures directed against BLRV will overcome their seed losses. Bluegreen aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi) was implicated as a potential vector of BLRV because it was observed to be colonising lucerne plants adjacent to subterranean clover seed production paddocks with BLRV, and in a glasshouse trial it transmitted BLRV from an infected lucerne plant to subterranean clover in a persistent manner.

Studies on the fertility of seddon soil (Kangaroo Island, South Australia). 1. The response of subterranean clover to various phosphatic fertilizers.

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 398 ◽  
Author(s):  
AG Tyson
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Phosphate Deficiency ◽  
First Year ◽  
Phosphate Availability ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Phosphatic Fertilizers

Seddon gravelly sandy loam from Kangaroo Island has proved to be grossly deficient in both total and available native phosphorus. Growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in this soil is virtually nil unless phosphatic fertilizers are applied to it. Experiments with eight different phosphatic fertilizers showed that thermal phosphates of the Rhenania type were slightly superior to monocalcic phosphate as a source of plant phosphorus on Seddon soil. Both types of phosphate were equally efficient in the contrasting Urrbrae loam. Rock phosphate proved to be an extremely poor source of plant phosphorus. In the first year the availability of monocalcic phosphate applied to the Seddon soil was 20 per cent. or half that of material applied to the Urrbrae loam. The comparative residual value in the second year of applied phosphate was greater, however, in the Seddon soil than in the Urrbrae loam. Yields and phosphate availability were influenced by seasonal variation, but the phosphorus content of the plant material was nearly constant in different years for any particular yield from the same soil. The requirement for phosphorus at yields below the maximum was greater, however, in plants growing on Urrbrae loam than on Seddon soil. At maximum yields the ratio N/P205 was constant for plants from the two soils, but this did not hold where phosphorus was in minimum supply. The availability of residual phosphate from Seddon soil to which small annual additions of fertilizer had been made over 12 years was markedly lower than that from virgin soil to which phosphate had been added 12 months previously. The lower availability from the partially developed soil has been tentatively ascribed to the concurrent accumulation of organic matter. Results support the practice of making small annual applications of superphosphate to Urrbrae loam but it would appear that greater overall production could be obtained from Seddon soil by heavier initial applications. Amounts of P205 as low as 0.17-0.20 per cent. were found in the dry matter of subterranean clover growing on Seddon soil. Values below 0.3 per cent. are considered to be indicative of phosphate deficiency.

Napier subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. var. yanninicum)

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1109 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. H. Nichols ◽  
M. J. Barbetti ◽  
P. M. Evans ◽  
A. D. Craig ◽  
G. A. Sandral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Phytophthora Root Rot ◽  
Growing Season Length ◽  
Permanent Pasture ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Vigorous Growth ◽  
Water Holding

Napier is a late flowering F6-derived crossbred subterranean clover of var. yanninicum [(Katz. et Morley) Zohary and Heller] developed by the collaborating organisations of the National Annual Pasture Legume Improvement Program. It is a replacement for both Larisa and Meteora and has been selected for release on the basis of its greater herbage and seed production and disease resistance to both known races of clover scorch and 2 of the common races of Phytophthora root rot. Napier is recommended for sowing in Victoria, Western Australia, New South Wales, and South Australia. It is best suited to moderately acidic soils prone to water-logging and to loamy and clay soils with good water-holding capacity in areas with a minimum growing season length of 7.5 months, which extends into late November. Napier is well adapted to the permanent pasture systems found in the areas in which it will be grown. Its upright, vigorous growth makes it well suited to grazing by cattle or sheep and to fodder conservation. Napier has been granted Plant Breeders Rights in Australia.

scholarly journals Urana subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum)

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. H. Nichols ◽  
M. J. Barbetti ◽  
G. A. Sandral ◽  
B. S. Dear ◽  
C. T. de Koning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Pasture Legume

Urana is a hardseeded, moderately early flowering F5-derived crossbred subterranean clover of var. subterraneum [(Katz. et Morley) Zohary and Heller] developed by the collaborating organisations of the National Annual Pasture Legume Improvement Program. It has been selected for release as a new cultivar on the basis of its high winter and spring herbage production and overall field performance relative to other subterranean clovers of similar maturity. Urana is recommended for sowing in Western Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Queensland. It is best suited to well-drained, moderately acidic soils in areas with a growing season of 5–7 months, which extends into mid-October. Urana is suited to phase farming and crop rotations. It has been granted Plant Breeders Rights in Australia.

Evolution in sown populations of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. ) in South Australia

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 1583 ◽  
Author(s):  
PS Cocks
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

The seed banks of three pastures at Kingscote, Parndana and Waterloo, S.A., were sampled to determine the frequency of divergent genotypes in subterranean clover, and the direction of natural selection. The seeds were grown in nursery rows at Adelaide, and the resulting plants classified into one of the commercial cultivars, or as divergent genotypes. The divergent genotypes from one locality, Kingscote, were described in terms of 17 variables, and compared with strains collected from southern Australia and the Mediterranean basin. At each locality there was more genetic diversity than had been sown, both in terms of additional cultivars and the presence of divergent genotypes. The percentage of divergent genotypes appeared to be proportional to the age of the pasture, and was greatest at Kingscote, where it reached 67% of the population. The Kingscote genotypes were genetically related to Mt Barker and Dwalganup, only five out of 283 genotypes having leaf markings that differed from both cultivars. The 17 variables fell between the values recorded for Mt Barker and Dwalganup, and there was evidence of directional selection. For example, formononetin content was less, and genistein more than would be expected in the absence of natural selection. Mean flowering time was about equal to that of Seaton Park, and closer to Mt Barker than to Dwalganup. Flowering time was related to elevation above the lowest point in the paddock, the latest genotypes tending to inhabit sites at the foots of slopes, and the earliest genotypes sites on the tops. Seed and burr weight were slightly larger than expected. Hybridization was the most important, but not the sole source of genetic divergence at Kingscote, whereas contamination was the main source at Waterloo. It is likely that only a minority of the divergent genotypes was generated by mutation. The Australian subterranean clovers were as diverse as those from the Mediterranean. Those from Kingscote were also diverse, but, on the whole, had longer peduncles, shorter internodes and were taller than strains from other parts of Australia and from the Mediterranean basin.

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