Principles and Practices of Recognition by International Organizations

1949 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 679-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Aufricht
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Intergovernmental Organizations ◽  
American System ◽  
The United Nations

Intergovernmental organizations are frequently confronted with questions concerning the recognition of states and governments. This essay deals with the principles and practices concerning recognition by major intergovernmental organizations in the light of the related rules and practices of the League of Nations, the Inter-American System and the United Nations.

1. The best hope of mankind? A brief history of the UN

2015 ◽  
pp. 8-25
Author(s):  
Jussi M. Hanhimäki
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
United Nations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
International Peace ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The United Nations

The International Peace Conference in 1899 established the Permanent Court of Arbitration as the first medium for international disputes, but it was the League of Nations, established in 1919 after World War I, which formed the framework of the system of international organizations seen today. The United Nations was created to manage the world's transformation in the aftermath of World War II. ‘The best hope of mankind? A brief history of the UN’ shows how the UN has grown from the 51 nations that signed the UN Charter in 1945 to 193 nations in 2015. The UN's first seven decades have seen many challenges with a mixture of success and failure.

The Gatt and Multilateral Treaty Making: The Tokyo Round

1983 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. McRae ◽  
J. C. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
Intergovernmental Organizations ◽  
Tokyo Round ◽  
United Nations General ◽  
United Nations General Assembly ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Multilateral Treaty

Multilateral treaty making, sometimes called the "international legislative process", occurs in a variety of forms and under the auspices of many international organizations. Concern that insufficient information is available about the way treaties are negotiated in different forums and that the process is haphazard led to a proposal for its review in the Sixth Committee at the 32d session of the United Nations General Assembly. Acting upon.this initiative, the General Assembly adopted Resolution 32/48, which called upon the Secretary- General to report on the techniques and procedures used in the elaboration of multilateral treaties. In order to assist in the preparation of this report, comments were requested from states, specialized agencies and other intergovernmental organizations, and the offices of the United Nations.

United Nations Constitutional Assistance

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-79
Author(s):  
Vijayashri Sripati
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
United Nations ◽  
International Law ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Constitutional Law ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
The United Nations

This chapter establishes United Nations Constitutional Assistance (UNCA) as a significant but uncharted international and constitutional law topic. UNCA is defined as a set of activities undertaken to produce/internationalize the Western liberal constitution. The Constitution’s salience is outlined to show that UNCA: sires UN/International Territorial Administration; is salient vis-à-vis the UN’s assistance in all other sectors (e.g., electoral, judicial, rule of law); and underpins UN peacebuilding/UN Statebuilding. This backdrop sets the stage for the book’s mission: to analyze UNCA through the concept of ‘Policy Institution’ and Purposive Analysis (analysis of the UN’s official statements). Which is: to investigate and identify the Constitution’s internationalization by international organizations (e.g., the League of Nations and the United Nations); to analyse how the Constitution and its purposes fit into international law and public policy; to consider how states internationalized the Constitution to achieve colonial trusteeship; and to explain how the legitimacy of UNCA with, and without ITA might be appraised in the light of this analysis.

Structural Challenges Facing International Organizations

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-137
Author(s):  
Stephen Mathias
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Impact

This article reflects upon the lessons which might be learned from the League of Nations. It highlights a number of the key differences between the League of Nations and the United Nations, with consideration given to the characteristics which shaped both institutions, and the impact which those aspects have had on their ability to fulfil their respective mandates. The article addresses issues including the composition of the institutions’ memberships, the role of sanctions, the roles of the respective Secretariats, and concludes with reflections on broader lessons which might be learned, drawing on the purposes and principles of the respective institutions. The importance of Article 2(4) of the Charter of the United Nations is emphasised, with recognition given to its central role in securing a peaceful society in which the Organization’s goal of bringing about social progress and better standards of life might be secured.

International Legislation

1964 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 153-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Erler
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Intergovernmental Organizations ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
The United Nations

Many volumes have been written on international organizations dealing with their political aspects and even their legal and constitutional intricacies. But regrettably their constitutions have not yet been studied fully on a comparative basis. The constitutions of intergovernmental organizations such as the specialized agencies of the United Nations offer a fascinating field of study that is important to be explored.

scholarly journals The origins of international organizations and the mission of education: intellectual projects of the League of Nations and global goals of the UN and UNESCO in education management

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ю.А. Горячев ◽  
В.Ф. Захаров
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
International Law ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Joint Work ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Education Management ◽  
The United Nations

Вслед за подготовкой и публикацией статьи «На пути к международным стандартам образования: от педагогики мыслителей ранних эпох к современным подходам (часть первая)» специалистами факультета регионоведения и этнокультурного образования МПГУ подготовлена вторая часть, повествующая о становлении международных организаций и миссии образования: интеллектуальных проектах Лиги Наций и глобальных целях ООН и ЮНЕСКО в управлении образованием. Авторы рассказывают о зарождении международных организаций в эпоху античного греческого мира и Древнего Востока, о возникновении римского права, католического канонического права, норм Корана и их влияния на формирование международного права. В статье уделяется внимание первым попыткам гуманизации законов и обычаев войны, признания государственного суверенитета как основы принципов международного права. Представлена картина формирования сети международных межправительственных организаций, основанных на договорах и обладающих согласованной компетенцией и постоянными органами функционирования. Дается описание предпосылок возникновения, процедур разработки нормативных документов и создания таких организаций, как Лига Наций, Организация Объединенных Наций, Организация Объединенных Наций по вопросам образования, науки и культуры. Изложены этапы совместной работы государств — инициаторов создания ООН в годы Второй мировой войны (в том числе в ходе конференций в Москве, Тегеране, Ялте, Думбартон-Оксе), успешно завершившиеся принятием Устава ООН государствами — участниками Генеральной конференции в Сан-Франциско. Предусмотрена также публикация третьей части по вопросам международного сотрудничества в сфере образования, в которой будут представлены нормативно-правовые документы глобального и регионального уровня по вопросам образовательного сотрудничества. After the article «Towards international standards of education: from pedagogy of early thinkers to modern approaches (part one)» had been published the specialists of the Faculty of regional studies and ethnocultural education of ISHE prepared the second part. It tells us about the formation of international organizations and the mission of education — intellectual projects of the League of Nations and global goals of the UN and UNESCO in education management. The authors spotlight the origin of international organizations in the era of the ancient Greek world and the Ancient East, the accrual of Roman law, Catholic Canon law, the norms of the Koran and their influence on the formation of international law. The article focuses on the first attempts to humanize the laws and customs of war and recognize state sovereignty as the basis of the principles of international law. A picture of the formation of a network of international intergovernmental organizations based on treaties and having agreed competence and permanent functioning bodies is presented. The prerequisites for the emergence, procedures for developing normative documents and establishing such organizations as the League of Nations, the United Nations and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization are described. Stages of joint work of the states — initiators of UN creation during the Second World War (including conferences in Moscow, Tehran, Yalta, and Dumbarton-Oxe) successfully finished with adoption of the UN Charter by the States parties of the General Conference in San Francisco, are described. The third part on international cooperation in education, which will present regulatory documents of global and regional level on educational cooperation, is to be published in 2021.

scholarly journals Delegating diplomacy: rhetoric across agents in the United Nations General Assembly

2021 ◽  
pp. 002085232199756
Author(s):  
Julia Gray ◽  
Alex Baturo
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
United Nations General ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Single Voice ◽  
United Nations General Assembly ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Career Incentives

When political principals send agents to international organizations, those agents are often assumed to speak in a single voice. Yet, various types of country representatives appear on the international stage, including permanent representatives as well as more overtly “political” government officials. We argue that permanent delegates at the United Nations face career incentives that align them with the bureaucracy, setting them apart from political delegates. To that end, they tend to speak more homogeneously than do other types of speakers, while also using relatively more technical, diplomatic rhetoric. In addition, career incentives will make them more reluctant to criticize the United Nations. In other words, permanent representatives speak more like bureaucratic agents than like political principals. We apply text analytics to study differences across agents’ rhetoric at the United Nations General Assembly. We demonstrate marked distinctions between the speech of different types of agents, contradictory to conventional assumptions, with implications for our understandings of the interplay between public administration and agency at international organizations. Points for practitioners Delegations to international organizations do not “speak with one voice.” This article illustrates that permanent representatives to the United Nations display more characteristics of bureaucratic culture than do other delegates from the same country. For practitioners, it is important to realize that the manner in which certain classes of international actors “conduct business” can differ markedly. These differences in tone—even among delegates from the same principal—can impact the process of negotiation and debate.

Mandate or Donors? Explaining the UNHCR’s Country-Level Expenditures from 1967 to 2016

2021 ◽  
pp. 003232172097433
Author(s):  
Svanhildur Thorvaldsdottir ◽  
Ronny Patz ◽  
Klaus H Goetz
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Voluntary Contributions ◽  
United Nations High Commissioner ◽  
Country Level ◽  
High Commissioner ◽  
Donor Influence ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Major Donors ◽  
Expenditure Allocation

In recent decades, many international organizations have become almost entirely funded by voluntary contributions. Much existing literature suggests that major donors use their funding to refocus international organizations’ attention away from their core mandate and toward serving donors’ geostrategic interests. We investigate this claim in the context of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), examining whether donor influence negatively impacts mandate delivery and leads the organization to direct expenditures more toward recipient countries that are politically, economically, or geographically salient to major donors. Analyzing a new dataset of UNHCR finances (1967–2016), we find that UNHCR served its global mandate with considerable consistency. Applying flexible measures of collective donor influence, so-called “influence-weighted interest scores,” our findings suggest that donor influence matters for the expenditure allocation of the agency, but that mandate-undermining effects of such influence are limited and most pronounced during salient refugee situations within Europe.

UNICEF in Central America

1960 ◽  
Vol 329 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
Alice C. Shaffer
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Central America ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Central American ◽  
The World ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Integrated Programs ◽  
Regional Basis ◽  
The United Nations

Central America has been one of the pioneer areas for the United Nations Children's Fund assisted pro grams. When the United Nations Children's Fund, under a broadened mandate from the United Nations, shifted the emphasis of its aid from emergency to long term and from war-torn countries to those economically less developed, Cen tral American governments immediately requested its assist ance to strengthen and extend services to children and mothers. As one of the first areas in the world to aim at the eradication of malaria and to have engaged in an inten sive campaign against malnutrition on a regional basis, the Central American experiences in these fields have become known, watched, and studied by people from many countries. Against this background, international and bilateral organi zations are working together with governments as they broaden the scope and the extent of their programs. Ten years of co-operative action have highlighted the need for train ing of personnel, both professional and auxiliary. This period has also made clear the value of more integrated programs with wider collaboration both within the ministries of government and between the international organizations.

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