Economic and Referendum Voting: A Comparison of Gubernatorial and Senatorial Elections

1995 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lonna Rae Atkeson ◽  
Randall W. Partin
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Campaign Spending ◽  
Vote Choice ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Gubernatorial Elections ◽  
Retrospective Voting ◽  
Legislative Branch ◽  
Different Types

We compare vote choice in senate and gubernatorial elections from 1986 and 1990 with two retrospective voting hypotheses: the national referendum hypothesis and an economic retrospective hypothesis. Despite the similarities between the office of U.S. senator and governor (same constituency, high levels of campaign spending, highly visible candidates, etc.), we find that different types of retrospective evaluations are used with respect to vote choice. As members of the national legislative branch, senators' fortunes are linked to the success or failures of the president. In contrast, governors, as state executives, are held accountable for perceived state economic conditions, while senators escape unscathed from the same general economic evaluations. These findings shed some light on the nature of vote choice in a political system complicated by federalism and separation of powers.

scholarly journals Digging into the Pocketbook: Evidence on Economic Voting from Income Registry Data Matched to a Voter Survey

2017 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 771-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREW J. HEALY ◽  
MIKAEL PERSSON ◽  
ERIK SNOWBERG
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Economic Voting ◽  
Vote Choice ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Economic Data ◽  
Partisan Bias ◽  
Economic Information ◽  
Financial Conditions

To paint a fuller picture of economic voters, we combine personal income records with a representative election survey. We examine three central topics in the economic voting literature: pocketbook versus sociotropic voting, the effects of partisanship on economic evaluations, and voter myopia. First, we show that voters who appear in survey data to be voting based on the national economy are, in fact, voting equally on the basis of their personal financial conditions. Second, there is strong evidence of both partisan bias and economic information in economic evaluations, but personal economic data is required to separate the two. Third, although in experiments and aggregate historical data recent economic conditions appear to drive vote choice, we find no evidence of myopia when we examine actual personal economic data.

scholarly journals Rotational dynamics between bureaucracy and electocracy

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 36-42
Author(s):  
I. A. Lavrov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Political System ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
Rotational Dynamics ◽  
Legislative Branch ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
High Degree

It is generally believed that, based on the principle of separation of powers, the branches of government are endowed with independence from each other and equality among themselves, which means that they can control and balance each other’s activities. This principle can also be considered true for politicians, representatives of each of the branches of government. Bureaucrats holding positions in the executive branch are politically equal to electocrats in the legislative branch. At the same time, bureaucrats and electocrats are politicians of different kinds, they have a large number of differences in their powers, functions, rights, and competencies. But does this principle remain immutable for the Russian political system de facto? Are bureaucrats and electocrats so different from each other in Russia? The present study, analyses the biographies of 800 politicians of the Russian Federation who hold public positions in the executive and legislative authorities of all three levels: federal, regional, and municipal. The analysis allowed us to reveal the specifics of recruitment and circulation of personnel in the Russian political system, which makes it possible to speak with a high degree of probability about the trends in the development of the Russian establishment as a whole.

Challenges of the parliamentary system in Iraq after 2003

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Emad Wakaa Ajil
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Political Process ◽  
The United States ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
The Political ◽  
Parliamentary System ◽  
Political Transformations ◽  
The Us ◽  
Long Time

Iraq is one of the most Arab countries where the system of government has undergone major political transformations and violent events since the emergence of the modern Iraqi state in 1921 and up to the present. It began with the monarchy and the transformation of the regime into the republican system in 1958. In the republican system, Continued until 2003, and after the US occupation of Iraq in 2003, the regime changed from presidential to parliamentary system, and the parliamentary experience is a modern experience for Iraq, as he lived for a long time without parliamentary experience, what existed before 2003, can not be a parliamentary experience , The experience righteousness The study of the parliamentary system in particular and the political process in general has not been easy, because it is a complex and complex process that concerns the political system and its internal and external environment, both of which are influential in the political system and thus on the political process as a whole, After the US occupation of Iraq, the United States intervened to establish a permanent constitution for the country. Despite all the circumstances accompanying the drafting of the constitution, it is the first constitution to be drafted by an elected Constituent Assembly. The Iraqi Constitution adopted the parliamentary system of government and approved the principle of flexible separation of powers in order to achieve cooperation and balance between the authorities.

Mutual fund management in the period of financial crisis

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-81
Author(s):  
О. А. Bank
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Mutual Fund ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Investment Strategy ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Investment Strategies ◽  
Fixed Income ◽  
Fund Management ◽  
Fund Managers ◽  
Different Types

Mutual fund managers do not have full freedom in choosing investment strategies - they are limited both by the laws and by investment declarations of the funds. Investment strategy cannot be fully changed even in financial crisis but it only can be corrected. This fact could not be characterized as a disadvantage because different types of funds are efficient in different time even during the same economic recession. Mutual fund manager should rationally invest funds of their clients: it is better to keep the maximum possible part of the portfolio in cash and instruments with fixed income on the declining market and it is better to keep shares on the rising market. However the choice of bonds also as the choice of shares should pay respect for the features of these instruments during unfavorable economic conditions. Russian mutual fund management differs from fund management in other countries as in stable economic situation so in the circumstances of financial crisis.

Looking forward and looking backward: Economic evaluations and regime support in China

Politics ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 026339572198954
Author(s):  
Yida Zhai
Keyword(s):  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Psychological Mechanism ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Regime Support

It is widely acknowledged that the economic situation is of vital importance for the stability of an authoritarian regime, but it is rarely known how the public’s economic evaluation contributes to such outcomes. This study examines the effects of citizens’ retrospective and prospective evaluations of their household economic situation and the national economy on the level of regime support in China. The findings show that the national economy outweighs household economic conditions in its effects on the public’s support of the regime. However, the gap between evaluations of the national economy and individual economic situations debilitates regime support. The population in different age cohorts has distinct patterns of relationships between retrospective and prospective economic evaluations and regime support. This study elucidates the political-psychological mechanism of the public’s economic evaluation affecting regime support, and the ruling strategy in authoritarian regimes of manipulating this evaluation.

scholarly journals When Does the Public Get It Right? The Information Environment and the Accuracy of Economic Sentiment

2021 ◽  
pp. 001041402198975
Author(s):  
Ryan E. Carlin ◽  
Timothy Hellwig ◽  
Gregory J. Love ◽  
Cecilia Martínez-Gallardo ◽  
Matthew M. Singer
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Government Performance ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Government Accountability ◽  
The Public ◽  
High Quality Information ◽  
The Media ◽  
Latin American Countries

Public evaluations of the economy are key for understanding how citizens develop policy opinions and monitor government performance. But what drives economic evaluations? In this article, we argue the context in which information about the economy is distributed shapes economic perceptions. In high-quality information environments—where policies are transparent, the media is free, and political opposition is robust—mass perceptions closely track economic conditions. In contrast, compromised information environments provide openings for political manipulation, leading perceptions to deviate from business cycle fluctuations. We test our argument with unique data from eight Latin American countries. Results show restrictions on access to information distort the public’s view of economic performance. The ability of voters to sanction governments is stronger when democratic institutions and the media protect citizens’ access to independent, unbiased information. Our findings highlight the importance of accurate evaluations of the economy for government accountability and democratic responsiveness.

SUBSTANTIATION OF STRATEGIES OF DIVERSIFICATION OF ACTIVITY OF MOTOR TRANSPORT ENTERPRISE AND THEIR EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleksii Omelyanovych ◽  
◽  
Fedir Demishkan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Market Segments ◽  
Industrial Diversification ◽  
Diversification Strategies ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Trucking Company ◽  
Further Development

The study considered the main approaches to the concept of diversification. It was determined that there are different types of diversification depending on the sources of its origin, but the main groups of classification are: functional (by processes), commercial and resource. In general, the economic system can have four typical situations when a process of diversification (specialization) occurs: 1) specialization is more profitable than the possible option of diversification; 2) specialization is the only possible way of further development and existence for this economic system in specific economic conditions; 3) diversification is more profitable than specialization; 4) diversification is the only possible way of further existence and development. Diversification is especially important in conditions of uncertainty in the development of the external environment. In such situations, diversification is the only way to avoid collapse and achieve sustainable development. The firm makes several bets in the hope that at least one of them will win. Offensive motives include aggressive growth policies; financial opportunities; overcoming the limits of growth; achieving synergistic effects. Here it is necessary to determine the presence of defense motives for the use of diversification: the distribution of business risk; reduction of cyclical instability; replacement of the declining activity. In accordance with the objectives of the study for the trucking company, it is possible to propose the use of such diversification strategies as industrial diversification, which is realized through changes in the production capacity of the trucking company; marketing diversification, which will promote the positioning of the relocation service in different market segments, and competitive diversification, which should be carried out using the methods of portfolio analysis of the company's positioning in the market.

scholarly journals An Introduction to Economic Evaluation: What's in a Name?

2005 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S Hoch ◽  
Carolyn S Dewa
Keyword(s):  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Economic Study ◽  
Value Judgment ◽  
A Value ◽  
Different Types ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Evaluation Techniques

Objective: This paper describes the main types of economic evaluation techniques. Method: To examine the strengths and limitations of different types of economic evaluations, we used a hypothetical example to review the reasoning underlying each method and to illustrate when it is appropriate to use each method. Results: The choice of economic evaluation method reflects a decision about what should represent “success” and how success should be valued. Measures of benefit and cost must be considered systematically and simultaneously. Claiming that a new treatment is cost-effective requires making a value judgment based on the personal beliefs of the claimant. Even when cost and effect data are objective, a verdict of cost-effective is subjective. The conclusions of an economic study can change significantly, depending on which patient outcome is used to measure success. Conclusions: Clinicians must be sure that important patient outcomes are not excluded from economic evaluations. Economic evaluation is a process designed to produce an estimate rather than a decision. New treatment can be more costly and still be cost-effective (if the extra benefit is valued more than the extra cost to produce it). However, since economic evaluation does not explicitly consider a decision maker's available budget, a new treatment can be deemed cost-effective but too expensive to approve.

Policy towards the Judiciary as a symptom the transformation of the Polish political system in years 2015–2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (58) ◽  
pp. 9-24
Author(s):  
Dariusz Skrzypiński
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
Political System ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Ruling Party

The article provides an analysis of PiS1. actions with respect to the judiciary. PiS is the ruling party in Poland since 2015. It implemented very deep institutional reforms and took intensive communication measures of propaganda-like discrediting nature which brought significant political consequences. Firstly, the principles of rule of law and separation of powers were breached leading to a departure from standards of liberal democracy. Secondly, very strong polarisation of attitudes occurred in the society and legal elites with respect to the introduced reforms, causing politicisation of the judiciary and confrontation inside the judiciary between those in favour and those against the government’s actions.

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