Peasant-State Relations and the Social Base of Self-Help in Kenya

1989 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel D. Barkan ◽  
Frank Holmquist
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Political System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Class Structure ◽  
Rural Poor ◽  
Self Help ◽  
The Social ◽  
Rural Kenya ◽  
Development Movement ◽  
State Relations

Peasant-state relations in developing countries are often a function of the nature and extent of stratification in peasant populations. Where there is a rigid class structure, the prospects for cooperation by members of the peasantry are low, and large landowners tend to ally themselves with the state to exploit the rural poor. Where, on the other hand, the nature of rural stratification is ambiguous, “small” and “middle” peasants are able to organize themselves for collective action and to bargain effectively for state aid to their communities. The hypothesis is confirmed using survey data about the nature of peasant participation in the Harambee selfhelp development movement in rural Kenya. Effective peasant-state bargaining in Kenya has in turn contributed to the legitimacy of the Kenyan political system.

Circular Arguments and Self-Fulfilling Definitions: “Statelessness” and the Dagaaba

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 349-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kojo Yelpaala
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Political System ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Jigsaw Puzzle ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
Intellectual Inquiry ◽  
Self Help ◽  
The Social ◽  
Ancient Law

Since the publication of Maine's Ancient Law in 1861 social anthropological studies have been prolific. The basic intellectual and investigative interest of these social anthropologists was and continues to be the social, political, and cultural organization of preliterate societies in their benign state of primitivity. Indeed, it might be said that the anthropologist created the savage, the barbarian, and the primitive and their state as an object of intellectual inquiry through fieldwork. Most of these studies conducted within the framework of what Owusu calls “structual-functional empiricism” were not exactly law-centered. Whatever glimpses of the legal system one could obtain was by accident. Law was merely part of a functioning, coherent, and consistent totality; part of the jigsaw puzzle of the primitive reality.Subsequent legal anthropological works clearly fell into two categories: those that thought that primitive societies did not have law and others that thought that they did. Those of the first group have viewed small-scale societies from the monocles of western jurisprudence, expecting to find a system of rules emanating from an authoritative source in a hierarchically-organized political system with government, courts, and a law-enforcement mechanism backed by coercive physical sanctions. Viewed from this perspective they not surprisingly found what they considered to be a pattern of “statelessness,” lawlessness, anarchy, and notions of justice and remedy based upon the principle of self-help or the law of the claw and the fang. Critics of colonialism and anthropology suggest that this characterization of the expectations of the colonial anthropologist might be a serious misrepresentation of their true expectations. The colonialist needed the anthropologist to provide the methods by which colonialism could be most effective. The anthropologist on the other hand created the savage and his state of statelessness, lawlessness, and self-help to provide a rational basis for colonialist subjugation and exploitation of the savage.

scholarly journals The Other Side of Taxation: Extraction and Social Institutions in the Developing World

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 277-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Lust ◽  
Lise Rakner
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
The State ◽  
Resource Mobilization ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fiscal Sociology ◽  
The Social ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
State Taxation

The fiscal sociology literature views the state at the heart of development, but in most developing countries, formal taxation is limited. Instead, local residents make substantial contributions outside the state to the provision of public goods. That is, they engage in what we call social extraction rather than state taxation. This article conceptualizes social extraction and the social institutions that drive extraction. Furthermore, it considers variations in the content of social institutions, and it proposes research agendas that allow us to understand how social institutions impact resource mobilization and development at the community level. It draws lessons from a large, cross-disciplinary literature that includes work in anthropology, sociology, economics, psychology, and political science.

scholarly journals The Effect of Culture on Economic Development and Turkey-Russia Economic Relations

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emine Ebru Usta
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Political System ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
The Other ◽  
Power Transition ◽  
Economic Relations

Globalization is worldwide integration of economical ,cultural,political,religious and social system.The incremental competitive conditions of nowadays make the firms not only analysis the other countries economic or political system but also cultural,religious and social systems. In this respect for globalization world , it is sure that culture and economy get the crucial role at the inter state relations.At the base of turkey and Russia also lays this dialog.For this reason in this study it is aimed that with current parameters tried to explain after diagnosis in general means the effects of culture on economical developments especially after 2001 economic recession- lives important regulation period in which known power transition world economy -Turkey,takes place in the developing countries, with Russia Federation ,important member of ascending market economy.

scholarly journals The Political Trends of the Youth of University in Palestine and Algeria: A Comparative Field Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Saida Khedrane ◽  
Al-Sayed Abdel-Mottaleb Ghanem
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Political System ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Constitutional Amendment ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Social ◽  
National University ◽  
The University ◽  
Academic Year

The current study aims to measure the level of political trends of University’s youth in Palestine and Algeria. A questionnaire has been used for collecting data about the opinions of a sample of students at Al - Najah National University of Palestine and Kasdi Merbah University of Algeria enrolled in the academic year 2015- 2016. The study has adopted the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) for the purposes of measurement. It has concluded that the nature of the political trends of the university youth at the Palestinian University tends to the negative level more than the positive one due to the conditions of occupation and political instability in the Palestine arena. On the other hand, the nature of the political trends of the university youth in the Algerian university tends to the positive level more than the negative one. This is due to the state of political stability characterized by the political system in Algeria, as well as the political reforms that have positively affected the nature of the political trends of the university youth since President Abdul Aziz Bouteflika took power in Algeria, down to creating a higher council for youth in the new constitutional amendment of 2016.

Civil-Military Relations in Developing Countries

1989 ◽  
Vol 45 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 154-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veena Kukreja
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Political System ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Political ◽  
Civil Military Relations ◽  
The World ◽  
Military Relations ◽  
The Military

Students of civil-military relations, particularly those in the developing countries, admit having to work on myopic assumptions, meagre data, sloppy conceptualization and inelegant explanations. The relative newness of this area of studies could be one reason for this. The study of civil-military relations in the narrow sense referring mainly to military coups and interventions, has attained importance after World War II. But the study of civil-military relations in the broader perspective of multiplicity of relationships between military men, institutions and interests, on the one hand, and diverse and often conflicting non-military organizations and political personages and interests on the other, has begun to draw academic interest only in the last two decades or so. In the twentieth century, the armed forces, being an universal and integral part of a nation's political system, no longer remain completely aloof from politics in any nation. If politics is concerned, in David Easton's celebrated words, with the authoritative allocation of values and power within a society, the military as a vital institution in the polity can hardly be wished out of participatory bounds, at least for legitimate influence as an institutional interest group with a stake in the political decision-making. The varying roles the military may play in politics range from minimal legitimate influence by means of recognized channels inherent in their position and responsibilities within the political system to the other extreme of total displacement of the civilian government in the forms of illegitimate overt military intervention in politics. This paper seeks to attempt an overview of the existing scholarship on civil-military relations; second, it examines civil-military relations in the world with special reference to major political systems of the world; third, it surveys the literature on civil-military relations in general, and finally, it attempts to develop a general, complex, and hopefully fruitful causal model for analyzing the dynamics of civil-military relations; exploring implications for future research on civil-military relations.

Sustainable Development and Global Governance

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clive George
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic Valuation ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
Global Commons ◽  
Governance Systems ◽  
The Social

The difficulties of achieving sustainable development reflect several internal tensions in the three-pillar approach: The adoption of economic development as a separate pillar from social development challenges the view that the purpose of one is to achieve the other; economic valuation of the environment removes the distinction between environmental and economic goals; and no distinction is drawn between the development of developing countries and the development of developed ones. These tensions are shown to be symptomatic of difficult issues being avoided. A closer examination revives doubts about whether the conservation of the global commons and the development of developing countries can both be achieved without major changes in economic structures and governance systems, nationally as well as globally. It is concluded that the development of more appropriate systems requires imaginative research in every discipline of the social sciences, with a vital role for cooperation between American and Chinese institutions.

Economic Changes in South African Native Life

Africa ◽  
1928 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Schapera
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Political System ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
European Culture ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social And Economic Development

The native problem as it exists to-day in South Africa is not a phenomenon of recent growth. The issues which confront the country are the product of many decades of inter-racial contact and adjustment, during which Europeans and Natives have exercised a steadily growing influence upon each others' lives. Under the influence of European culture many of the Natives have abandoned their original tribal customs, and their social life is being reorganized on a new basis by the adoption of European habits and ideas. On the other hand, the presence of the Natives has so profoundly affected the social and economic development of the Europeans as to have become almost an integral part of the whole structure of civilization in South Africa. It is no longer possible for the two races to develop apart from each other. The future welfare of the country now depends upon the finding of some social and political system in which both may live together in close contact, without that increasing unrest and disturbance that seems to develop as the inevitable result of the lack of stability and unity in any society.

Mobile Phone Beeping

2015 ◽  
pp. 71-81
Author(s):  
Rotimi Taiwo ◽  
Ebuka Igwebuike
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Text Messaging ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reduction Strategy ◽  
Empirical Basis ◽  
Mobile Phone Addiction ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Uses

Beeping (also known as “flashing”, “missed call” or “buzzing”) is a behavior associated with mobile phone users, typically in the developing world. It is a behavior that involves a user dialing the number of another user, allowing the phone to ring a few times, but quickly canceling the call before the other person can answer. Despite being a common and established mobile phone human practice, beeping has not received adequate attention from scholars as some other behaviors associated with digital technologies, such as cyberbullying, mobile phone addiction, sexting, phone-sharing, and usage while driving. This article, therefore, offers a historical and analytical overview of existing research on the use of a beeping system as a cost-reduction strategy opposed to SMS/text messaging. It provides a solid empirical basis for an informed discussion of the social uses and social effects of the practice of beeping in no-cost communication, especially in developing countries.

scholarly journals The study about Social Economy and Social Enterprise in the Czech Republic

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Hunčová
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Social Enterprise ◽  
Social Care ◽  
Social Economy ◽  
Social Enterprises ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Self Help ◽  
The Social ◽  
Long Time

The Social Economy is a topic, which has been newly established in the Czech Republic during last two or three years, though social enterprises have been active here for a long time. This study aims to define the Social Economy and makes some typology of Social Enterprises and their activities according to the Czech experience and with regard to the general perception. Some figures and case studies form the Czech Republic are given to underpin this study and to indicate the trends of the development in here. The development of the civil society has gone in coherence to the development of the social economy. The structure of social enterprises has its specific feature in the Czech Republic, because of many self-governments enterprises providing welfare on its level on one hand, and only a few (social) co-operatives or other self-help mutual symmetries on the other hand. Participation on social care is developing and social economy seems to improve within the last two years.

Providing Freshmen with a Good “Starting-Block”

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 69-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikaël De Clercq ◽  
Charlotte Michel ◽  
Sophie Remy ◽  
Benoît Galand
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Student Adjustment ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Pivotal Phase ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Study Task ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Belonging ◽  
Intention To Persist

Abstract. Grounded in social-psychological literature, this experimental study assessed the effects of two so-called “wise” interventions implemented in a student study program. The interventions took place during the very first week at university, a presumed pivotal phase of transition. A group of 375 freshmen in psychology were randomly assigned to three conditions: control, social belonging, and self-affirmation. Following the intervention, students in the social-belonging condition expressed less social apprehension, a higher social integration, and a stronger intention to persist one month later than the other participants. They also relied more on peers as a source of support when confronted with a study task. Students in the self-affirmation condition felt more self-affirmed at the end of the intervention but didn’t benefit from other lasting effects. The results suggest that some well-timed and well-targeted “wise” interventions could provide lasting positive consequences for student adjustment. The respective merits of social-belonging and self-affirmation interventions are also discussed.

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