[The Political Bases of Citizen Contacting: A Cross-National Analysis}: Erratum

1985 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 512 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
National Analysis ◽  
Cross National

Political Citizenship and Democratization: The Gender Paradox

2002 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
EILEEN MCDONAGH
Keyword(s):  
State Policies ◽  
The Political ◽  
Difference Principle ◽  
Race And Class ◽  
Political Citizenship ◽  
Women's Equality ◽  
Political Inclusion ◽  
National Analysis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cross National

This research challenges models of democratization that claim liberal principles affirming the equality of rights-bearing individuals equably enhance the political inclusion of groups marginalized by race, class, or gender. While such explanations may suffice for race and class, this study's quantitative cross-national analysis of women's contemporary officeholding patterns establishes that gender presents a counter case whereby women's political citizenship is enhanced, first, by government institutions that paradoxically affirm both individual equality and kinship group difference and, second, by state policies that paradoxically affirm both individual equality and women's group difference. These findings challenge assumptions about the relationship between political citizenship and democratization, demonstrate how women's political inclusion as voters and officeholders is strengthened not by either a “sameness” principle (asserting women's equality to men as individuals) or a “difference” principle (asserting women's group difference from men) but rather by the paradoxical combination of both, and provide new views for assessing multiculturalism prospects within democratic states.

The political economy of nontariff barriers: a cross-national analysis

1995 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 723-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward D. Mansfield ◽  
Marc L. Busch
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
Domestic Institutions ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Macroeconomic Conditions ◽  
Pressure Groups ◽  
Nontariff Barriers ◽  
National Analysis ◽  
Statistical Results ◽  
Cross National

Nontariff barriers to trade are most pervasive when deteriorating macroeconomic conditions give rise to demands for protection by pressure groups, when countries are sufficiently large to give policymakers incentives to impose protection, and when domestic institutions enhance the ability of public officials to act on these incentives. Statistical results based on a sample of advanced industrial countries during the 1980s support the argument that the incidence of nontariff barriers tends to be greatest when the preferences of pressure groups and policymakers converge. More attention should be devoted to the interaction between societal and statist factors in cross-national studies of trade policy.

The Political Bases of Citizen Contacting: A Cross-National Analysis

1985 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan S. Zuckerman ◽  
Darrell M. West
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Political Participation ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
The Political ◽  
Election Campaigns ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Political Ties ◽  
National Analysis ◽  
Cross National

This article examines a mode of political participation that frequently has been overlooked—individual efforts to obtain assistance from government officials. Using the seven-nation data set of Verba, Nie, and Kim, we develop and empirically evaluate alternatiave models of citizen contacting. Our first model draws on variations in the distribution of social and economic resources to explain the likelihood of contacting. The second focuses on differences in political ties to locate those most likely to contact government officials. We find greater support for the political ties model. Persons active in political parties and election campaigns are the most likely to engage in citizen contacting. Without political ties, few poor or uneducated persons would ask officials for assistance. We conclude by noting the more general theoretical and normative implications of our study.

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