The Relationship Between Fruit Crop Sizes and Fruit Removal Rates by Birds

Ecology ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 262-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priya Davidar ◽  
Eugene S. Morton
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Removal ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Fruit Crop ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between crop size and fruit removal and its implication for the evolution of dioecy

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 1784-1789 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Carr
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Relative Fitness ◽  
Female Fitness ◽  
Fruit Removal ◽  
Crop Size ◽  
Fruit Crop ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Evolution Of Dioecy ◽  
The Relationship

The number of fruits removed by birds from individual Ilex opaca (Aquifoliaceae) was found to increase as a function of crop size in both 1986 and 1987. The proportion of the fruit crop removed, however, was not significantly affected by crop size in either year. In 1986 the increase in relative female fitness as a function of crop size rapidly became asymptotic. In 1987 relative female fitness increased more linearly over the range of fruit crop sizes. Differences between years were attributed to differences in disperser abundance. The change in relative fitness with increasing crop size was not sufficient to explain the evolutionary stability of dioecy under conditions such as those in 1986 (i.e., asymptotic fitness gains). Under conditions of more proportional increases in relative fitness (as seen in 1987), circumstances became more favorable for the stability of dioecy, though still not sufficient. This and other empirical studies of the response of avian dispersers to variation in fruit crop size suggest that selection for increased crop size is not likely, by itself, to be strong enough to allow dioecy to exist in a stable state. I suggest that the combined effects of sexual selection (especially through male–male competition) and inbreeding depression will be more important than the effect of differential dispersal success for the evolution and maintenance of dioecy in plants. Key words: dioecy, dispersal, frugivore, holly, Ilex.

Effects of Fruit Crop Size on Intensity of Fruit Removal in Viburnum prunifolium (Caprifoliaceae)

Oikos ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. Laska ◽  
Edmund W. Stiles
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Removal ◽  
Crop Size ◽  
Fruit Crop ◽  
Fruit Crop Size

Investigation of Microstructure and Machinable Mechanism of the B4C/BN Composites Fabricated by Hot-Pressing Process

2011 ◽  
Vol 413 ◽  
pp. 420-425
Author(s):  
Tao Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Phase Composition ◽  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Hot Pressing ◽  
Weak Interface ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Sem Micrographs ◽  
Pressing Process ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Xrd And Tem

The B4C/BN composites were fabricated by hot-pressing process. The B4C/BN composites included the B4C/BN microcomposites and the B4C/BN nanocomposites. The B4C/BN microcomposites were fabricated by hot-pressing process, and the B4C/BN nanocomposites were fabricated by chemical reaction and hot-pressing process. In this research, the phase composition, microstructure, machinability and machinable mechanism of the B4C/BN microcomposites and the B4C/BN nanocomposites were investigated. The microstructure of the B4C/BN composites was investigated by SEM and TEM. The SEM micrographs showed that the B4C/BN microcomposites and the B4C/BN nanocomposites exhibited the homogenous and compact microstructure, and the h-BN particles were homogenously distributed in the B4C matrix. The TEM micrographs of the B4C/BN composites showed that there existed the weak interface between B4C matrix grains and h-BN particles as well as the microcracks within the laminate structured h-BN particles. The machinability of the B4C/BN microcomposites and the B4C/BN nanocomposites increased gradually with the increase of h-BN content. The drilling rates and materials removal rates of the B4C/BN composites increased gradually with the increase of h-BN content. The surface roughness of drilled specimens of the B4C/BN composites decreased gradually with the increase of h-BN content. The relationship between the microstructure and machinable mechanism of the B4C/BN composites was analyzed and discussed. The phase composition and microstructure of drilled debris of drilled specimens of the B4C/BN composites were investigated by XRD and TEM. The microstructure of drilled surface of drilled specimens of the B4C/BN composites was observed and analyzed by SEM.

scholarly journals Crop damage of Eriotheca gracilipes (Bombacaceae) by the Blue-Fronted Amazon (Amazona aestiva, Psittacidae), in the Brazilian Cerrado

2014 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 837-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Ragusa-Netto
Keyword(s):  
Seed Predation ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Crop Loss ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Crop Size ◽  
Fruit Crop ◽  
Seed Survival ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fruit Crop Size

Seed predation has major effects on the reproductive success of individuals, spatial patterns of populations, genetic variability, interspecific interactions and ultimately in the diversity of tree communities. At a Brazilian savanna, I evaluated the proportional crop loss of Eriotheca gracilipes due the Blue-Fronted Amazon (Amazona aestiva) during a fruiting period. Also, I analyzed the relationship between proportional crop loss to Amazons and both fruit crop size and the distance from the nearest damaged conspecific. Trees produced from 1 to 109 fruits, so that Amazons foraged more often on trees bearing larger fruit crop size, while seldom visited less productive trees. Moreover, the relationship between fruit crop sizes and the number of depredated fruits was significant. However, when only damaged trees were assessed, I found a negative and significant relation between fruit crop size and proportional crop loss to Blue-Fronted Amazons. Taking into account this as a measure more directly related to the probability of seed survival, a negative density dependent effect emerged. Also, Amazons similarly damaged the fruit crops of either close or distant neighboring damaged trees. Hence, in spite of Blue-Fronted Amazons searched for E. gracilipes bearing large fruit crops, they were swamped due to the presence of more fruits than they could eat. Moderate seed predation by Blue-Fronted Amazons either at trees with large fruit crops or in areas where fruiting trees were aggregated implies in an enhanced probability of E. gracilipes seed survival and consequent regeneration success.

Effects of forest age on fruit composition and removal in tropical bird-dispersed understorey trees

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 515-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather A. Lumpkin ◽  
W. Alice Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Forest Age ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Fruit Removal ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Old Growth Forest

Abstract:Little is known about how land-use changes affect interspecific interactions such as fruit–frugivore mutualisms. Forest age could affect both fruit sugar concentrations via differences in light availability or disperser abundance, and fruit removal rates via differences in bird and plant community composition. We examined how these two factors are affected by forest age in a Costa Rican rain forest. We compared seven young-secondary forest species, seven old-growth forest species, andMiconia nervosagrowing in both forests. We measured sugar concentrations in fruits and manipulated the location of paired fruiting branches, measuring subsequent fruit removal. Sugar concentration means were on average 2.1 percentage points higher in young-secondary forest species than in old-growth forest species, but did not differ amongMiconia nervosafruits from the two forests. Fruit removal rates were higher in young-secondary forest for 86% of young-secondary forest species, 71% of old-growth forest species, and on average for both young-secondary and old-growth forestMiconia nervosaindividuals. Higher sugar concentrations in young-secondary forest plants could reflect stronger competition for dispersers, while experimental fruit removal results suggests the opposite patterns of competition; fruits are more likely to be removed by dispersers in young-secondary forest independent of fruit nutrient concentration.

Analysis of Vibration Harvesting Properties and Fracturing Structures of Soapberry (Sapindus Mukorossi)

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-78
Author(s):  
Wenzhe Cui ◽  
Daochun Xu ◽  
Hu Wang ◽  
Xiaolong Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Force ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
List Type ◽  
Fruit Removal ◽  
Test Platform ◽  
Harvesting Efficiency ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Important Form

HighlightsAnalyzing the fruit removal force and harvesting time of Sapindus fills a gap of Sapindus research.A dual excitation vibration method for harvesting Sapindus and the best harvesting parameters were obtained.The microstructure of the different fracturing locations was analyzed for the first time. Abstract.To address the issue of labor intensity in the harvest of Sapindus fruit, it is necessary to understand the harvesting properties of Sapindus mukorossi. In this study, a fruit removal force (FRF) test platform was used to analyze the relationship between the FRF and maturation time. An eccentric vibration harvesting test was conducted to obtain the frequency, acceleration, and other parameters of the Sapindus tree. According to the different falling locations of fruit, the fracturing locations were observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results revealed that the optimal time (9 to 12 November) to harvest is in the middle of the harvest period. Additionally, the shear force from 1.0N to 5.2 N was less than the tensile force from 2.7 to 10.2 N. Therefore, back and forth swinging is the major fracturing form of the fruit. Moreover, dual excitation is preferable to single-point excitation, and the acceleration root mean square (RMS) of the dual excitation was two to three times the acceleration RMS of single point excitation. The harvesting efficiency of dual excitation was 92.3% at 20 Hz. Additionally, there existed four fracturing locations for harvested fruit, as the frequency increased. Furthermore, the fracturing in the ear and stem was the most important form of fracturing, and microscopic observations revealed that it had a thinner and tidier cell wall and cell cavity. Keywords: Sapindus, Fruit removal force, Vibration, Microstructure.

Research on the Effect of Hydrodynamic Behavior on Pollutant Removal in a Reactor with Compound Flow Pattern

2012 ◽  
Vol 516-517 ◽  
pp. 1066-1069
Author(s):  
Lei Liu ◽  
Shi Qiang Ding ◽  
Ji Run Xu
Keyword(s):  
Flow Pattern ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Plug Flow ◽  
Orthogonal Test ◽  
Pollutant Removal ◽  
Hydrodynamic Behavior ◽  
Mixed Flow ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Dimension Parameter

Effect of no-dimension parameter Peclet number describing the hydrodynamic behavior on pollutant removal is studied experimentally in a specially designed reactor with compound flow pattern of plug-flow, baffled-flow and mixed-flow. A set of orthogonal test is arranged to examine the relationship between Pe number and removal efficiency of pollutant and it is shown that there is an optimum Pe number of 1.38 at which best removal rates of COD, NH4+-N and TP are obtained, also the mechanism is analyzed briefly.

Fruit removal rates from aggregated and isolated bushes of the red elderberry, Sambucus pubens

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 1229-1235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Sloan Denslow
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Removal ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Differential Probability ◽  
Local Competition ◽  
Crop Size ◽  
First Reproduction ◽  
Dispersal Success

In July in northern Wisconsin, the red elderberry (Sambucus pubens (Michx.) synchronously ripens large panicles of bright red, small, watery, sweet drupes. During 1982 and 1983, I monitored bushes aggregated along an old logging track or isolated in tree-fall clearings to investigate the effects of isolation, crop size, and fruit quality on fruit removal by birds. All three factors significantly affected rates of fruit removal, although fruit removal rates were primarily a function of crop size. More fruits per bush per day were removed from large crops of both aggregated and isolated plants. Fruits were not removed disproportionately faster from plants with large than with small crops in either habitat. These results do not support the hypothesis that differential probability of dispersal success is an important selective factor in the evolution of delayed first reproduction or supraannual fruiting periodicities. However, removal rates from aggregated plants were lower than from isolated bushes in tree-fall clearings, probably an effect of local competition for frugivores. Sugar content of the pulp (but not fruit size) also significantly affected rates of fruit removal.

The relationship of siphuncle size to emptying rates in chambered cephalopods: Implications for cephalopod paleobiology

Paleobiology ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 426-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Ward
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Heavy Liquid ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Neutral Buoyancy ◽  
Chamber Volume ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Liquid Removal ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Liquid removal rates in chambers of the living cephalopod Nautilus depend on two factors: the surface area of siphuncular epithelium exposed to liquid in the chambers and the buoyancy of the specimen. In Nautilus made artificially heavy, liquid removal rates are increased as much as five times above neutral buoyancy rates in surface aquaria. Although chamber volume increases faster than siphuncular surface area in successively larger chambers, the increase is small, especially in the last formed dozen chambers. Under conditions of constant liquid removal per unit area of siphuncular epithelium, this means that removal rates of liquid from any two or three successive chambers are nearly constant.Nautilus shows ranges of chamber volume/siphuncular surface area ratios of .04 cc/mm2 (early, small chambers) to .12–.14 cc/mm2 in late, large chambers. These values are not characteristic of all chambered cephalopods. Comparison of extinct chambered cephalopod taxa with Nautilus indicate a variety of volume/area ratios for similarly sized chambers.

scholarly journals How Waterlogged Conditions Influence the Nitrogen Removal Performance in a Micro Constructed Wetland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lumeng Xie ◽  
Ying Liu ◽  
Shiqiang Zhao ◽  
Liyi Dai ◽  
Mingxiang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Lythrum Salicaria ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Wetland Ecosystems ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Growing populations and industrialization have led to raised wetland ecosystems nitrogen(N) loads. A micro constructed wetland planted with Lythrum salicaria L treating an artificial wastewater was used to investigate the short-term variations in the plant biomass and the removal efficiency of N. Our results showed that the biomass of Lythrum salicaria L. increased rapidly during the experiment due to their extensive root system and vigorous spread, and waterlogged conditions had little effect on the relationship between biomass and the concentration of TN in soil and effluent. Under different waterlogged conditions, the removal rates of TN in the water were all more than 60%, providing a reference for waterlogged conditions used in wetland eutrophication restoration.

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