Fruit removal rates from aggregated and isolated bushes of the red elderberry, Sambucus pubens

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 1229-1235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Sloan Denslow
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Removal ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Differential Probability ◽  
Local Competition ◽  
Crop Size ◽  
First Reproduction ◽  
Dispersal Success

In July in northern Wisconsin, the red elderberry (Sambucus pubens (Michx.) synchronously ripens large panicles of bright red, small, watery, sweet drupes. During 1982 and 1983, I monitored bushes aggregated along an old logging track or isolated in tree-fall clearings to investigate the effects of isolation, crop size, and fruit quality on fruit removal by birds. All three factors significantly affected rates of fruit removal, although fruit removal rates were primarily a function of crop size. More fruits per bush per day were removed from large crops of both aggregated and isolated plants. Fruits were not removed disproportionately faster from plants with large than with small crops in either habitat. These results do not support the hypothesis that differential probability of dispersal success is an important selective factor in the evolution of delayed first reproduction or supraannual fruiting periodicities. However, removal rates from aggregated plants were lower than from isolated bushes in tree-fall clearings, probably an effect of local competition for frugivores. Sugar content of the pulp (but not fruit size) also significantly affected rates of fruit removal.

INFLUENCES OF LATENT VIRUSES ON VIGOR, YIELD AND QUALITY OF BRITISH SOVEREIGN STRAWBERRIES

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 602-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack A. Freeman ◽  
Frances C. Mellor
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Reduce Sugar Content ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Reduce Sugar ◽  
The Hill

Comparison of the effect of two strains of mottle virus, two strains of veinbanding virus, and latent-A virus, alone and in combination, on vigor, yield and quality of British Sovereign strawberry plants grown under two planting systems showed: 1. Vigor was reduced by infection by a single virus and still further reduced by two viruses; 2. Yield was reduced by virus infection, especially during the first fruiting year when plants were grown under the hill system; 3. Fruit size was reduced only by virus combinations; 4. Fruit quality was affected only by veinbanding, which increased the total acid content and tended to reduce sugar content.

scholarly journals Effect of gibberellic acid and urea on the growth of pineapple fruit (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Le Van Ut ◽  
Vo Thi Bach Mai
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Ananas Comosus ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Pineapple Fruit

Effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and urea on Queen pineapples (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) growth in the field were discussed in this study. Pineapples were sprayed with GA3 (at the concentration of 1, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg.L-1) or urea (at the concentration of 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 g.L-1) on day 0 and day 3 at the beginning of growth period (50% dried flowers). Fruits were sampled every 15 days from day 0 to day 75 for assessment on fruit weight, fruit size, and fruit quality. Besides, fruits (which were sprayed with GA3 at the concentration of 40 mg.L-1 or urea at the concentration of 15 g.L-1) were sampled on the 15th day from the day which processed to determine the size of cells. The results showed that the treatments with four highest concentration of GA3 (40, 60, 80 and 100 mg.L-1) or urea (15, 20, 25 and 30 g.L-1) significantly increased fruit weights and fruit sizes. In addition, the treatments of GA3 in high concentration (40 - 100 mg.L-1) stimulated the increase of sugar content and vitamin C content in the fruit flesh compared to the control. The treatments of urea at different concentrations did not alter the fruit quality index. Exogenous GA3 at the concentration of 40 mg.L-1 or urea at the concentration of 15 g.L-1 stimulated the increase of fruit weight without decreasing the fruit quality. In which, exogenous GA3 at concentration 40 mg.L-1 increased the fruit weight by enlarging flesh cell.  

scholarly journals Influences of girdling and potassium treatments on fruit quality and some physiological characters of ‘Fremont’ mandarin variety

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuğba Ülker ◽  
Müge Uysal Kamiloğlu
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen Content ◽  
Total Sugar Content ◽  
N Concentration

Abstract Growing citrus involves cultural treatments such as girdling and foliar potassium treatment to increase fruit size, yield and quality. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of single and double stem girdling, potassium nitrate (KNO3) treatment on leaves and combinations of these treatments on the fruit yield, size and quality characteristics, leaf chlorophyll concentration and leaf nitrogen content, leaf fluorescence (PSII) and leaf sugar content of the ‘Fremont’ mandarin variety. Girdling treatments were applied on the stem by removing 4 mm wide ring of bark at the end of anthesis and after the June fruit drop. Foliar KNO3 applications were applied at a concentration of 4% twice (90 days and 120 days after full anthesis) in the experiment. The single girdling (SG) and double girdling (DG) treatments on stems increased fruit yield (kg · tree−1) by approximately 40% relative to the control (C). Treatments did not significantly affect the internal fruit quality of the ‘Fremont’ mandarin variety except in fruit colour and appearance. The highest impact on fruit size was found in the DG + KNO3 treatment. According to treatments and periods, the SPAD values varied between 62.08 and 70.67, whereas the PSII values varied between 0.698 and 0.756. The treatments significantly increased the leaf nitrogen (N) concentration and the fructose, glucose and sucrose concentrations relative to the control. The highest N concentration content was detected in the foliar potassium treatment, and the highest total sugar content was detected in the SG treatment.

scholarly journals (463) Grapefruit Crop Load Affects Net Gas Exchange of Leaves, Tree Growth, and Fruit Quality

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1048A-1048
Author(s):  
Kuo-Tan Li ◽  
Jim Syvertsen ◽  
Jill Dunlop
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Soluble Solid Content ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
Fruit Removal ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Four Levels

Effects of crop load on leaf characteristics, shoot growth, fruit shape, fruit quality, and return bloom were investigated in 13-year-old `Ruby Red' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) on `Swingle' citrumleo rootstock. Trees were hand thinned in June 2003 and 2004 at the end of physiological fruit drop to establish three to four levels of crop load ranging from normal (high crop load without thinning) to extremely low (near 90% fruit removal). Leaves on high crop load trees had higher net assimilation of CO2 (ACO2) than those on low crop load trees. Crop load enhancement of ACO2 continued until harvest. In 2004, however, the effects were diminished in October just prior to the beginning of the harvest season, after leaf and fruit loss from three consecutive hurricanes. There was no difference in leaf dry weight per leaf area and leaf nitrogen among treatments. Nonfruiting branches of high crop load trees produced fewer, but longer, summer flushes than those of low crop load trees. Fruiting branches generally produced few summer flushes with similar shoot lengths among treatments. High crop load trees developed a greater percentage of vegetative shoots, whereas low crop load trees developed more inflorescences. Crop load adjustments did not affect fruit size and total soluble solid content, but low crop load trees produced a higher percentage of irregular shape (sheepnosed) fruit with high acidity.

Fruit Removal and Continual Defoliation Altered Papaya Fruit Production and Quality

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 497e-497
Author(s):  
Lili Zhou ◽  
David Christopher ◽  
Robert E. Paull
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Sugar Accumulation ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Mature Fruit ◽  
Fruit Removal ◽  
Control Fruit ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fruit Mass

The source size and sink strength were modified by continual defoliation and fruit removal in `Sunset' papaya. Flower and fruit set, mature fruit mass, and TSS was recorded weekly. Fruit at four different stages of development were harvested at the end of the experiment. Fruit mass, respiration, sugar content, and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SS), and invertase enzyme activities were compared. Continual defoliation resulted in lower new fruit set (25% of control), smaller fruit size (77% of control), and lower TSS (85% of control) in the 24-week experimental period. In contrast, there were 52% and 100% more new fruit when fruit were removed than in the control within the first 8 weeks and 24 weeks, respectively. Larger fruit size, earlier fruit development, lower respiration, and higher sugar contents were observed when fruit were removed at 140, 154, and 175 days from anthesis. No significant difference was found in TSS level in the mature fruit compared to the control. Fruit removal plus defoliation gave the same number and mass of new fruit as the control and slightly lower TSS in mature fruit than in the control. Fruit sugar was higher with increased fruit invertase activity and fruit age. Data confirmed that source–sink balance was critical for fruit set, development, and sugar accumulation in papaya.

Ammonium thiosulfate and 6-benzyladenine improve the crop load and fruit quality of 'Delicious' apples

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 635 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Bound ◽  
S. J. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Fruit Firmness ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Ammonium Thiosulfate

Four trials were conducted over 3 years to assess the effect of ammonium thiosulfate (ATS) as a blossom thinner of ‘Delicious’ apple trees. In addition to determining the optimal concentration of ATS and the effectiveness of multiple applications, the effect on fruit quality was assessed. A program using ATS at bloom and 6-benzyladenine (BA) applied postbloom was examined. Multiple applications of ATS reduced crop load more than a single application. A concentration of 1.0% (v/v, 5800 mg/L) applied twice during the flowering period is recommended, with the first application at 20% bloom and the second at 80% bloom. Fruit firmness and sugar content were increased by ATS, and a positive relationship between fruit weight and sugar content and between fruit weight and firmness was demonstrated. ATS can also be effectively combined in a program with BA with the added benefits of increases in fruit size, firmness and sugar content; however, caution is advised to prevent over-thinning.

scholarly journals Cropload Affects Fruit Quality of Honeycrisp Apple

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 841D-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence L. Robinson* ◽  
Christopher B. Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Fruit Firmness ◽  
Ethylene Concentration ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Return Bloom ◽  
Storage Disorders

In 2001 and 2002, we imposed a wide range of croploads (0-15 fruits/cm2 of TCA) on 4- and 5-year-old Honeycrisp/M.9 trees by manual hand thinning soon after bloom to define appropriate croploads that give adequate repeat bloom and also the best fruit quality. At harvest each year we evaluated fruit ripening and quality. Samples were stored for 5 months in air at 38 °F and 33 °F and evaluated for fruit firmness and storage disorders. Cropload was negatively correlated with tree growth, return bloom, fruit size, fruit red color, fruit sugar content, fruit starch content, fruit firmness, fruit acidity, fruit bitter pit, fruit senescent breakdown, fruit rot and fruit superficial scald, but was positively correlated with leaf blotch symptoms, fruit internal ethylene concentration at harvest, and fruit soggy breakdown. There was a strong effect of cropload on fruit size up to a cropload 7, beyond which there was only a small additional effect. Although there was considerable variation in return bloom, a relatively low cropload was required to obtain adequate return bloom. Fruit red color was reduced only slightly up to a cropload of 8 beyond which it was reduced dramatically. The reduced fruit color and sugar content at high croploads could indicate a delay in maturity of but, fruits from high croploads were also softer, had less starch and greater internal ethylene. It that excessive croploads advance maturity. Overall, croploads greater than 10 resulted in no bloom the next year, and poor fruit size, color and flavor, but these fruits tended to have the least storage disorders. Moderate croploads (7-8) resulted in disappointing return bloom and mediocre fruit quality. For optimum quality and annual cropping, relatively low croploads of 4-5 were necessary.

scholarly journals Effect of Reflective Fabric on Yield of Mature ‘d’Anjou’ Pear Trees

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 1580-1585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd C. Einhorn ◽  
Janet Turner ◽  
Debra Laraway
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Final Size ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Fruit Number

Reflective fabric was installed before bloom in 2009 and 2010 in alleyways of a mature, low-density ‘Anjou’ pear orchard (269 trees/ha). Four treatments were applied to study intracanopy light environments on fruit growth rate and size, cropload, yield, and fruit quality: 1) no fabric (NF); 2) partial-season fabric applied before full bloom (FB) and removed 75 days after full bloom (dafb) (PSF); 3) full-season fabric applied before FB and removed at harvest (FSF); and 4) shadecloth (60%) applied 60 dafb through harvest (SC). PSF and FSF improved yield by 12% and 18%, respectively, over the two-year period relative to NF. The high yields of fabric treatments were attributed to fruit number in the lower (less than 2.4 m) interior, mid-, and exterior zones of the canopy. Photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) was increased by fabric 28%, 95%, and 30% in the lower exterior, mid-, and interior canopy, respectively. Photosynthesis:light response curves indicated improved carbon assimilation of pear leaves developing in the elevated PAR environment of the lower canopy. Fruit growth rate and final size were unaffected by fabric treatments. FSF fruit size was similar to NF despite higher fruit density. Compared with NF, FSF had a small, non-significant effect on fruit maturity (increased softening) at harvest. Yield and fruit size of SC fruit were significantly reduced. The number of fruit in SC trees did not differ from NF in 2009, but the effect of shade reduced fruit number in 2010. Fabric did not affect fruit quality attributes after three and six months of regular atmosphere cold storage. Pears from SC trees did not attain ripening capacity after three months of cold storage and a 7-day ripening period and had lower sugar content compared with other treatments. The cumulative yield advantages associated with FSF support its use in mature pear orchards.

scholarly journals Mechanical Crop Load Management (CLM) Improves Fruit Quality and Reduces Fruit Drop and Alternate Bearing in European Plum (Prunus domestica L.)

Horticulturae ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Sebastian Lammerich ◽  
Achim Kunz ◽  
Lutz Damerow ◽  
Michael Blanke
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Load Management ◽  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
Small Fruit ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Slender Spindle

(1) Background: With ca. 10 million tons of annual production worldwide, the plum (Prunus ssp.) ranks as a major fruit crop and can suffer from small fruit size, premature fruit drop and alternate bearing, which are addressed in this paper using a range of crop load management (CLM) tools. (2) Methods: Sixty 10-year-old European plum cv. “Ortenauer” trees on dwarfing St. Julien INRA GF 655/2 rootstock (slender spindle; 4.25 × 2.80 m) in a commercial orchard near Bonn (50°N), Germany, were thinned in 2 years and flower intensity assessed in the following year. Thinning was performed either mechanically (type Bonn/Baum) or chemically, with ATS (ammonium thiosulfate) or ethephon (Flordimex), or by a combination of mechanical and chemical methods, to improve fruit quality and the proportion of Class 1 fruit. Adjacent un-thinned trees served as controls. (3) Results: Natural fruit drop in June was reduced from 290 fruits per tree in the un-thinned controls to 265 fruits after ATS blossom treatment, and to 148 fruits after mechanical thinning at 380 rpm at a 5 km/h tractor speed at full bloom. The un-thinned control trees developed a large number of small, undersized fruits. The yield of Class 1 fruits increased per tree from 47% in the un-thinned controls, up to 69% after crop load management. Sugar content and fruit firmness were unaffected. (4) Conclusions: The study has shown that fruit quality (i.e., fruit size) and financial returns could be improved by either mechanical (380 rpm at 5 km/h) or chemical thinning, or a combination of both.

scholarly journals (318) Influence of Orchard Site Parameters and Fruit Distribution within Canopy on Fruit Quality of `Fuji' Apple

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1027E-1027
Author(s):  
Zlatko Cmelik ◽  
Stanislav Tojnko
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Total Sugar Content ◽  
Titratable Acid ◽  
Fuji Apple

Canopies of `Fuji' apple trees, grafted on M.9 rootstock, planted in 1998 on two orchard sites at 2.8 × 0.7 m and trained as super spindles, were subdivided in Spring 2003 into upper and lower parts. In each part, the number of fruits, yield per tree, external (fruit size classes, and fruit coloring), and internal (total sugar content, titratable acid content, and flesh firmness) fruit quality attributes were determined. The orchard site parameters affected growth, yield, and fruit quality in different ways. The less suitable orchard site had less growth, lower yield per tree, and a lower percentage of first class fruits, but most fruits had good color (86% in top and 75% in lower part of canopy). The favorable orchard site produced higher growth and yield, and a higher percentage of first class fruits, but fruits had poorer color. In the lower part of the canopy, fruits were of a good size, but had poor color. Fruits of the best quality were obtained from the top part of the tree.

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