The Stability of Keynesian and Monetary Multipliers in the United Kingdom

1966 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 395 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Barrett ◽  
A. A. Walters
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Stability

Preservative or Transformative? Theorizing the U.K. Constitution Using Comparative Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 412-440
Author(s):  
Jo Eric Khushal Murkens
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
The State ◽  
Power Sharing ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Multilevel Systems ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Comparative Constitutional Law ◽  
The Stability

Abstract The complexities of the United Kingdom’s decision to withdraw from the European Union while simultaneously honoring its prior commitments to its decentralized, autonomous, and constituent regions have put constitutional questions back on the map. The dominant approach analyzes these questions premised on the “preservative” view of the constitution. This view prioritizes the stability and continuity of the institutions in Westminster (Parliament) and Whitehall (central executive). However, the preservative view of the constitution is theoretically and practically deficient as it cannot give an account of the multipolar and decentralized developments of the past twenty years. Another interpretation regards the legal and political changes to the constitution as “transformative.” This view accentuates the fragility of the U.K. constitution due to a plurality of constitutional rules and the ongoing processes of devolution of powers within multilevel systems of government. This Article discusses that evolution of the U.K. constitution through the prism of comparative constitutional law and its appropriate methodology. The preservative model of the constitution favors a universalist method, whereas the transformative model requires a contextualist method. I argue that the experience of supranational (European Union) and infranational (devolution) power sharing has fundamentally altered the United Kingdom’s central constitutional concepts. To stabilize its fragmentary forces, the United Kingdom needs to adopt concepts that reflect the state as divided, the constitution as transitional, sovereignty as an attribute of the state rather than Parliament, and democracy as conflicted. Nothing less than the future of the United Kingdom as a state is at stake.

Divergence on Chinese 5G strains 'Five Eyes' alliance

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Market Share ◽  
The United States ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Intelligence Sharing ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Eu

Subject Outlook for the Five Eyes alliance. Significance The stability of the Five Eyes intelligence sharing partnership between Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States is under stress over Chinese participation in the members’ 5G telecommunications networks. Impacts Possible US concessions on the supply chains of Chinese firms would ease strain within the Five Eyes alliance. European corporates will redouble efforts to burnish their security credentials to capture 5G market share. London’s eventual decision on Huawei will influence the EU and Asian democracies.

The United Kingdom: When a Coalition Meets the Westminster Model, Who Wins?

2021 ◽  
pp. 611-639
Author(s):  
Nick Barlow ◽  
Tim Bale
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Coalition Government ◽  
Party Government ◽  
Westminster Model ◽  
Liberal Democrats ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Uk

This chapter examines the United Kingdom’s sole post-war coalition government and how it interacted with the Westminster Model’s assumption of single-party government. It looks at the issue from two perspectives: firstly, how much the usual processes of single-party government changed to accommodate two parties in government, and secondly, how David Cameron’s Conservatives and Nick Clegg’s Liberal Democrats worked together as parties in government in ways that fitted with the expectations of the Westminster Model. It examines this single example of coalition government in its political and historical contexts, exploring why a coalition occurred in 2010 and how it managed to continue in office for a full parliamentary term. The chapter begins with the comparatively swift process of negotiation through which the coalition was formed, then proceeds to look at how the expectations of that negotiation survived contact with the actual processes of government. It concludes by examining what the procedural and political impacts of the coalition on the UK have been, including the role of the coalition’s Fixed-Term Parliament Act on the stability of it and future governments.

scholarly journals Extraction, partial purification and properties of obelin, the calcium-activated luminescent protein from the hydroid Obelia geniculata

1974 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony K. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Partial Purification ◽  
Large Excess ◽  
Lower Affinity ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Final Volume ◽  
Purification And Properties ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Obelia Geniculata

1. The Ca2+-activated luminescent protein obelin was extracted from the hydroid Obelia geniculata. 2. After the addition of a large excess of calcium (greater than 5mm) a peak in the rate of luminescence occurred within 100ms, followed by an exponential decay (k=2.8s−1). The obelin activity (light emitted) was measured by the peak height or by the total number of counts recorded on a scalar in the first 10s after addition of Ca2+. 3. After an overnight extraction in 40mm-EDTA–200mm-Tris–HCl, pH7.0, 7.2×1011 counts were obtained from 186g of wet hydroids. 4. The stability of the crude extracts was dependent on pH, being optimal at pH7.0. 5. Obelin could be purified threefold with a yield of 69% by selecting the protein precipitated between 60%- and 100%-saturated (NH4)2SO4. The precipitate could be stored for at least 6 months as a suspension in 40mm-EDTA+saturated (NH4)2SO4, pH7.0, frozen at −70°C with a recovery of 95–100%. 6. Luminescence was also stimulated by Sr2+. However, obelin appeared to have a lower affinity for Sr2+ than for Ca2+. Mg2+ inhibited Ca2+-activated luminescence. 7. Obelin could be used to assay as little as 50pmol of Ca2+ in a final volume of 1ml. 8. At pH7.0 in Ca2+–EGTA [ethanedioxybis(ethylamine)tetra-acetate] buffers the rate of obelin luminescence was proportional to the square of the free Ca2+ concentration in the presence and absence of 1 and 10mm-Mg2+. Over the range 0.1–10μm-Ca2+ less than 0.03% of the obelin was consumed/s. 9. In order to use obelin to study free ionized Ca2+ concentrations similar to those found inside cells in the presence of 10mm-Mg2+ a minimum of 108 counts were required. A total of 1012 counts can be readily extracted from about 200g of wet hydroids. Thus a sufficient quantity of an aequorin-like calcium-activated luminescent protein should now be available to workers in the United Kingdom in order to carry out physiological experiments.

The Dynamics of a Divided Regime

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Rose
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Substantial Fraction ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Look Back ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Stability

‘L'Irlande est une petite contreé sur laquelle se débattent les plus grandes questions de la politique, de la morale, et de l'humanité.’Gustave de Beaumont, 1839IT IS MUCH EASIER TO EXPLAIN THE COURSE OF A FULLY LEGITIMATE, a fully repudiated or a fully coercive regime than to explain what goes on in a regime that is persistently divided. Northern Ireland is an excellent case study of a regime that lacks the stability or quasistability of these three familiar types of political authority. The regime there has always been divided, i.e., the constitution is supported by only a portion of the population, and a substantial fraction of its nominal subjects are inclined to disobey basic political 1aws. It is particularly striking that this should happen in a land where the institutions of government are explicitly modelled after the Parliament of the United Kingdom to which it is bound, and the culture permits the easy assimilation of its emigrants to life in Britain and America. To understand why industrialization and urbanization together have not produced a fully legitimate regime, one must look back into the history of Ireland, and examine the strategy of political leaders who commenced governing in less than ideal circumstances. Then one can begin to understand the multiple and extreme challenges to the regime today.

Loosewall stability in United Kingdom surface coal mines

1989 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Stead ◽  
R. Singh
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Limit Equilibrium ◽  
Coal Mines ◽  
Back Analysis ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Surface Coal Mine ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Engineering Department ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The University

The stability of loosewall slopes in surface coal mines is an important factor in the successful exploitation of surface coal mine reserves. Loosewall instability must be avoided not only to ensure negligible risk to both personnel and excavation plant but also to prevent increased production costs. In 1976 the United Kingdom National Coal Board Opencast Executive initiated a programme of slope stability research projects at the Mining Engineering Department of the University of Nottingham. This paper examines the data collected on loosewall slope failures over the last 10 years. The results of a preliminary programme of back analyses of selected loosewall instabilities using limit equilibrium techniques are discussed. Key words: loosewall, coal, database, back analysis.

scholarly journals Managing differentiated disintegration: Insights from comparative federalism on post-Brexit EU–UK relations

2020 ◽  
pp. 136914812096851
Author(s):  
Andrew Glencross
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Union Membership ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Comparative Federalism ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Centripetal Forces ◽  
Stable Outcome ◽  
The Eu

This article applies insights from comparative federalism to analyse different models for managing future EU–UK relations. The argument is that the stability of the EU–UK relationship before as well as after Brexit is best understood by examining the presence of federal safeguards. Drawing on Kelemen, four types of safeguards are identified as the means for balancing centrifugal and centripetal forces. During the United Kingdom’s European Union membership, the strong glue provided by structural and judicial safeguards was undone by the weakness of partisan and socio-cultural ones. However, each post-Brexit scenario is characterised by weaker structural and judicial safeguards. The most stable outcome is an indeterminate Brexit that limits the incentive to politicise sovereignty and identity concerns by ending free movement of people and reducing the saliency of European Union rules. Such stability is nevertheless relative in that, from a comparative perspective, federal-type safeguards were stronger when the United Kingdom was still in the European Union.

scholarly journals How will this continue? Modelling interactions between the COVID-19 pandemic and policy responses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel G. Rossberg ◽  
Robert J. Knell
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Disease Dynamics ◽  
Cumulative Mortality ◽  
Hospital Capacity ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

AbstractMuch of the uncertainty about the progression of the COVID-19 pandemic stems from questions about when and how non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) by governments, in particular social distancing measures, are implemented, to what extent the population complies with these measures, and how compliance changes through time. Further uncertainty comes from a lack of knowledge of the potential effects of removing interventions once the epidemic is declining. By combining an epidemiological model of COVID-19 for the United Kingdom with simple sub-models for these societal processes, this study aims to shed light on the conceivable trajectories that the pandemic might follow over the next 1.5 years. We show strong improvements in outcomes if governments review NPI more frequently whereas, in comparison, the stability of compliance has surprisingly small effects on cumulative mortality. Assuming that mortality does considerably increase once a country’s hospital capacity is breached, we show that the inherent randomness of societal processes can lead to a wide range of possible outcomes, both in terms of disease dynamics and mortality, even when the principles according to which policy and population operate are identical.. Our model is easily modified to take other aspects of the socio-pandemic interaction into account.

scholarly journals The United Kingdom and the stability of the Euro area: From Maastricht to Brexit

World Economy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 1792-1808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nauro F Campos ◽  
Corrado Macchiarelli
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Euro Area ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Stability
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