What “Regulatory State”? Explaining the Stability of Public Spending and Redistribution Functions after Regulatory Reforms of Electricity and Rail Services in the United Kingdom and Germany

Law & Policy ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Géraldine Pflieger
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Public Spending ◽  
Regulatory State ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Rail Services ◽  
Regulatory Reforms

Public Spending and Social Policy: The United Kingdom 1950–1977

1980 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Gould ◽  
Barbara Roweth
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Public Spending ◽  
International Study ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Welfare Spending ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACTThis article, in which we examine developments in public expenditure on social policy in relation to total public spending in the United Kingdom (UK) in the period after the Second World War, is part of a larger international study on developments in social welfare spending on which we are currently engaged.In Section 1 we briefly sketch in the theoretical background to the study of public expenditure growth in general and social welfare spending in particular. We shall not in this article attempt to evaluate the validity of the competing hypotheses – this exercise is in hand as part of the international study, and we shall report the findings at a later date. Section 2 examines the growth of public expenditure in the UK at the aggregate level. In Section 3 we analyse public expenditure at the individual programme level and in Section 4 we summarize the conclusions.

Preservative or Transformative? Theorizing the U.K. Constitution Using Comparative Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 412-440
Author(s):  
Jo Eric Khushal Murkens
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
The State ◽  
Power Sharing ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Multilevel Systems ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Comparative Constitutional Law ◽  
The Stability

Abstract The complexities of the United Kingdom’s decision to withdraw from the European Union while simultaneously honoring its prior commitments to its decentralized, autonomous, and constituent regions have put constitutional questions back on the map. The dominant approach analyzes these questions premised on the “preservative” view of the constitution. This view prioritizes the stability and continuity of the institutions in Westminster (Parliament) and Whitehall (central executive). However, the preservative view of the constitution is theoretically and practically deficient as it cannot give an account of the multipolar and decentralized developments of the past twenty years. Another interpretation regards the legal and political changes to the constitution as “transformative.” This view accentuates the fragility of the U.K. constitution due to a plurality of constitutional rules and the ongoing processes of devolution of powers within multilevel systems of government. This Article discusses that evolution of the U.K. constitution through the prism of comparative constitutional law and its appropriate methodology. The preservative model of the constitution favors a universalist method, whereas the transformative model requires a contextualist method. I argue that the experience of supranational (European Union) and infranational (devolution) power sharing has fundamentally altered the United Kingdom’s central constitutional concepts. To stabilize its fragmentary forces, the United Kingdom needs to adopt concepts that reflect the state as divided, the constitution as transitional, sovereignty as an attribute of the state rather than Parliament, and democracy as conflicted. Nothing less than the future of the United Kingdom as a state is at stake.

Divergence on Chinese 5G strains 'Five Eyes' alliance

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Market Share ◽  
The United States ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Intelligence Sharing ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Eu

Subject Outlook for the Five Eyes alliance. Significance The stability of the Five Eyes intelligence sharing partnership between Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States is under stress over Chinese participation in the members’ 5G telecommunications networks. Impacts Possible US concessions on the supply chains of Chinese firms would ease strain within the Five Eyes alliance. European corporates will redouble efforts to burnish their security credentials to capture 5G market share. London’s eventual decision on Huawei will influence the EU and Asian democracies.

The Growth of Government Expenditure

1984 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 34-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Levitt
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Public Spending ◽  
Green Paper ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Future Policy

There is much debate at present about trends in public expenditure. The recent Green Paper on the longer-term outlook for public spending describes how public expenditure has risen faster than GDP in the past and raises the question whether total public spending need grow at all, in real terms, in future although the growth of GDP is projected at over 2 per cent a year. This article is not intended to offer any normative comment on future policy for government spending. Its purpose is to describe some preliminary results of a study of the growth of government spending and its relationship to GDP in the United Kingdom; it also makes some comparisons, in rather broad terms, of the experience of this country with that of some other countries.

The United Kingdom: When a Coalition Meets the Westminster Model, Who Wins?

2021 ◽  
pp. 611-639
Author(s):  
Nick Barlow ◽  
Tim Bale
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Coalition Government ◽  
Party Government ◽  
Westminster Model ◽  
Liberal Democrats ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Uk

This chapter examines the United Kingdom’s sole post-war coalition government and how it interacted with the Westminster Model’s assumption of single-party government. It looks at the issue from two perspectives: firstly, how much the usual processes of single-party government changed to accommodate two parties in government, and secondly, how David Cameron’s Conservatives and Nick Clegg’s Liberal Democrats worked together as parties in government in ways that fitted with the expectations of the Westminster Model. It examines this single example of coalition government in its political and historical contexts, exploring why a coalition occurred in 2010 and how it managed to continue in office for a full parliamentary term. The chapter begins with the comparatively swift process of negotiation through which the coalition was formed, then proceeds to look at how the expectations of that negotiation survived contact with the actual processes of government. It concludes by examining what the procedural and political impacts of the coalition on the UK have been, including the role of the coalition’s Fixed-Term Parliament Act on the stability of it and future governments.

scholarly journals Extraction, partial purification and properties of obelin, the calcium-activated luminescent protein from the hydroid Obelia geniculata

1974 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony K. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Partial Purification ◽  
Large Excess ◽  
Lower Affinity ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Final Volume ◽  
Purification And Properties ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Obelia Geniculata

1. The Ca2+-activated luminescent protein obelin was extracted from the hydroid Obelia geniculata. 2. After the addition of a large excess of calcium (greater than 5mm) a peak in the rate of luminescence occurred within 100ms, followed by an exponential decay (k=2.8s−1). The obelin activity (light emitted) was measured by the peak height or by the total number of counts recorded on a scalar in the first 10s after addition of Ca2+. 3. After an overnight extraction in 40mm-EDTA–200mm-Tris–HCl, pH7.0, 7.2×1011 counts were obtained from 186g of wet hydroids. 4. The stability of the crude extracts was dependent on pH, being optimal at pH7.0. 5. Obelin could be purified threefold with a yield of 69% by selecting the protein precipitated between 60%- and 100%-saturated (NH4)2SO4. The precipitate could be stored for at least 6 months as a suspension in 40mm-EDTA+saturated (NH4)2SO4, pH7.0, frozen at −70°C with a recovery of 95–100%. 6. Luminescence was also stimulated by Sr2+. However, obelin appeared to have a lower affinity for Sr2+ than for Ca2+. Mg2+ inhibited Ca2+-activated luminescence. 7. Obelin could be used to assay as little as 50pmol of Ca2+ in a final volume of 1ml. 8. At pH7.0 in Ca2+–EGTA [ethanedioxybis(ethylamine)tetra-acetate] buffers the rate of obelin luminescence was proportional to the square of the free Ca2+ concentration in the presence and absence of 1 and 10mm-Mg2+. Over the range 0.1–10μm-Ca2+ less than 0.03% of the obelin was consumed/s. 9. In order to use obelin to study free ionized Ca2+ concentrations similar to those found inside cells in the presence of 10mm-Mg2+ a minimum of 108 counts were required. A total of 1012 counts can be readily extracted from about 200g of wet hydroids. Thus a sufficient quantity of an aequorin-like calcium-activated luminescent protein should now be available to workers in the United Kingdom in order to carry out physiological experiments.

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