Vertebrate Nervous System The Central Nervous System of Vertebrates: Vol. 3. Pt.1. Structural Elements: Biology of Nervous Tissue H. Kuhlenbeck

BioScience ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 393-393
Author(s):  
Gerald Westheimer
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Urea transport in the central nervous system

1962 ◽  
Vol 203 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. Kleeman ◽  
Hugh Davson ◽  
Emanuel Levin
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Urea Transport ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Rate Of Penetration ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
The Brain ◽  
State Content

The kinetics of urea transport in the central nervous system have been studied in rabbits during sustained intravenous and intracisternal infusions of C12 and C14 urea. The steady state content of urea in the water phase of the white matter and cord was approximately equal to its content in plasma water. However, the water of whole brain and gray matter had levels of urea which exceeded those in plasma by 7 and 18%, respectively, whereas the urea in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was only 78% of the plasma level. Its rate of penetration into nervous tissue was approximately one-tenth as rapid as into muscle. The intravenous infusion of urea caused a significant decrease in water content of the brain and cord. It was estimated that urea infused into the subarachnoid space penetrated the central nervous system (CNS) tissues at four to five times the rate of transport from blood to CNS tissues. These studies suggest that intravenous infusions of urea lower CSF pressure by decreasing the volume of the brain and cord. The major barrier to urea penetration into nervous tissue is at the capillary level, and not the plasma membrane of the glial or neuronal cells.

scholarly journals Metabolism of acetylcholine in the nervous system of Aplysia californica. I. Source of choline and its uptake by intact nervous tissue.

1975 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
J H Schwartz ◽  
M L Eisenstadt ◽  
H Cedar
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Aplysia Californica ◽  
The Other ◽  
Michaelis Constant ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Although acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter in Aplysia, labeling studies with methionine and serine showed that little choline was synthesized by nervous tissue and indicated that the choline required for the synthesis of acetylcholine must be derived exogenously. Aanglia in the central nervous system (abdominal, cerebral, and pleuropedals) all took up about 0.5 nmol of choline per hour at 9 muM, the concentration of choline we found in hemolymph. This rate was more than two orders of magnitude greater than that of synthesis from the labeled precursors. Ganglia accumulated choline by a process which has two kinetic components, one with a Michaelis constant between 2-8 muM. The other component was not saturated at 420 muM. Presumably the process with the high affinity functions to supply choline for synthesis of transmitter, since the efficiency of conversion to acetylcholine was maximal in the range of external concentrations found in hemolymph.

scholarly journals Signs and Symptoms of Central Nervous System Involvement and Their Pathogenesis in COVID-19 According to The Clinical Data (Review)

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
N. V. Tsygan ◽  
A. P. Trashkov ◽  
A. V. Ryabtsev ◽  
V. A. Yakovleva ◽  
A. L. Konevega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Data ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Central Nervous System Involvement ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Altered Level ◽  
System Involvement ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Detailed clinical assessment of the central nervous system involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infection is relevant due to the low specificity of neurological manifestations, the complexity of evaluation of patient complaints, reduced awareness of the existing spectrum of neurological manifestations of COVID-19, as well as low yield of the neurological imaging.The aim. To reveal the patterns of central nervous system involvement in COVID-19 and its pathogenesis based on clinical data.Among more than 200 primary literature sources from various databases (Scopus, Web of Science, RSCI, etc.), 80 sources were selected for evaluation, of them 72 were published in the recent years (2016-2020). The criteria for exclusion of sources were low relevance and outdated information.The clinical manifestations of central nervous system involvement in COVID-19 include smell (5-98% of cases) and taste disorders (6-89%), dysphonia (28%), dysphagia (19%), consciousness disorders (3-53%), headache (0-70%), dizziness (0-20%), and, in less than 3% of cases, visual impairment, hearing impairment, ataxia, seizures, stroke. Analysis of the literature data revealed the following significant mechanisms of the effects of highly contagious coronaviruses (including SARS-CoV-2) on the central nervous system: neurodegeneration (including cytokine- induced); cerebral thrombosis and thromboembolism; damage to the neurovascular unit; immune-mediated damage of nervous tissue, resulting in infection and allergy-induced demyelination.The neurological signs and symptoms seen in COVID-19 such as headache, dizziness, impaired smell and taste, altered level of consciousness, bulbar disorders (dysphagia, dysphonia) have been examined. Accordingly, we discussed the possible routes of SARS-CoV-2 entry into the central nervous system and the mechanisms of nervous tissue damage.Based on the literature analysis, a high frequency and variability of central nervous system manifestations of COVID-19 were revealed, and an important role of vascular brain damage and neurodegeneration in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 was highlighted.

scholarly journals Biologically active complex multifactorial support of the central nervous system

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Tohiriyon ◽  
V. M. Poznyakovskii
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Brain Vessels ◽  
Active Complex ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Developed a new tablet form BAA multifactorial support the central nervous system - BAA «Sophia». Technology features of this form of BAA are the prevention of oxidative processes of compounding ingredients at the expense of a small amount of moisture and eliminating active oxygen exposure. Biologically active complex is able to activate the memorization and reproduction of information, speed of thinking and the level of total energy capacity by improving the work of the central nervous system. A balanced combination of active principles (schisandrachinensis, Ginkgo biloba) and sedatives (Valerian, motherwort) of plant components allows to achieve the effect of fine-tuning, which is very well manifested the effect of these components. The ingredients improve nervous tissue trophism, tonus of brain vessels, normalizes venous outflow and contribute to the prevention of high blood pressure. The presence of complex essential and non-essential amino acids such as tryptophan, glycine, tyrosine and glutamic acid, to regulate the synthesis of neurotransmitters in the Central nervous system, molecular basis of memory, to optimize carbohydrate and fat metabolism, accelerate the process of impulse transmission along the nerve fiber, while avoiding overstimulation. For most incoming amino acids typical antidepressant effects. Part of the complex Inositol is one of the main nutritional components of nervous tissue, which helps to restore its structure. B vitamins contribute to the saturation energy, I guarantee its maximum use by the nervous tissue. Installed regulated indicators of food value of the specialized product that determine its functional orientation. The effectiveness is confirmed by clinical tests in the group of patients with dystonia. Shown hygienic well-being of the developed product, periods and modes of storage of spent industrial testing.

scholarly journals About ascending degenerations in the brainstem and descending in the spinal cord (after damage to the lateral part of the brain between the occipital foramen and atlant)

2020 ◽  
Vol VI (1) ◽  
pp. 92-117
Author(s):  
S. A. Sukhanov
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Lateral Part ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Occipital Foramen

Among the new ways of coloring the nervous tissue, which gave us a lot of new facts and partly contributing to the changes in our previous information about the course of fibers in the central nervous system, is the Marchi method, which is very common at the present time, due to its extreme convenience and simplicity in defining degeneration nerve fibers.

The Distribution and Molecular Characteristics of the Tanning Hormone, Bursicon, in the Tobacco Hornworm Manduca Sexta

1982 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 373-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL H. TAGHERT ◽  
JAMES W. TRUMAN
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Partial Purification ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
High Potassium ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The distribution and molecular properties of the tanning hormone bursicon were studied using an isolated wing biological assay. Wing cuticle tanning activity was measured in saline homogenates of the central nervous system and selected muscles. Activity was detected in all ganglia of the nervous system in both the prepupal and pharate adult developmental stages. In both stages, this activity was predominantly located in the abdominal portion of the nervous system. The titres in all ganglia, except the suboesophageal, increased during metamorphosis. Of the various non-neural tissues examined, only the closer muscle of the spiracle contained detectable levels of activity. All activity in the nervous tissue was sensitive to proteolytic digestion; it could not be mimicked by any of the 17 putative transmitter and/or hormonal substances tested. Partial purification of the tanning activity indicated an apparent molecular weight of 20-30 K. The partially purified material (from gel filtration) resembled the hormone bursicon in the following three ways: its titre in the tissue declined following normal bursicon release; it could be recovered from the haemolymph during normal bursicon release; it could be released from isolated nervous tissue following high potassium stimulation in a calcium-dependent manner. It was concluded that the hormone bursicon represents most if not all the tanning activity present in the central nervous system, that it is widely distributed in that tissue and that it is present as a peptide (or class of peptides) with homogeneous size and charge.

scholarly journals Dr. Alessandro Tedeschi: Anatomisch - experimenteller Beitrag zum Studium der Regeneration des Gewebes des Centralnervensystems. Beiträge zur pathologischen Anatomie et caet. XXI Bd. Erstes Heft. 1897. S. S. 43—72

2020 ◽  
Vol V (3) ◽  
pp. 164-166
Author(s):  
A. E. Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Positive Sense ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

The question of the regeneration of the nervous tissue in general and the elements of the central nervous system in particular was the subject of numerous and conscientious studies; but to this day this question is open, it is the arena of various, even directly opposite views. The author, on the basis of his numerous, which required a significant investment of time and labor, experiments and observations, decides the question in a positive sense regarding the participation of nervous elements in the regeneration of the central nervous system in mammals. The author, in a large, but complete essay, introduces the issue to the literature, sets out in detail the technique of performing experiments, points to the technique that he used in microscopic studies, gives several protocols of pathological and anatomical dissections of experimental animals and, finally, details of microscopic studies of the brain with an illustration of words with the corresponding drawings, gives conclusions from their observations, the presentation of which I will limit myself to this abstract.

scholarly journals Olfactory transmucosal SARS-CoV-2 invasion as port of Central Nervous System entry in COVID-19 patients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Meinhardt ◽  
Josefine Radke ◽  
Carsten Dittmayer ◽  
Ronja Mothes ◽  
Jonas Franz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Olfactory Mucosa ◽  
The Body ◽  
Thromboembolic Events ◽  
Control Center ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe newly identified severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19, a pandemic respiratory disease presenting with fever, cough, and often pneumonia. Moreover, thromboembolic events throughout the body including the central nervous system (CNS) have been described. Given first indication for viral RNA presence in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid and in light of neurological symptoms in a large majority of COVID-19 patients, SARS-CoV-2-penetrance of the CNS is likely. By precisely investigating and anatomically mapping oro- and pharyngeal regions and brains of 32 patients dying from COVID-19, we not only describe CNS infarction due to cerebral thromboembolism, but also demonstrate SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism. SARS-CoV-2 enters the nervous system via trespassing the neuro-mucosal interface in the olfactory mucosa by exploiting the close vicinity of olfactory mucosal and nervous tissue including delicate olfactory and sensitive nerve endings. Subsequently, SARS-CoV-2 follows defined neuroanatomical structures, penetrating defined neuroanatomical areas, including the primary respiratory and cardiovascular control center in the medulla oblongata.

Toward an Integrated Theory of Schizophrenia

1958 ◽  
Vol 104 (435) ◽  
pp. 372-376
Author(s):  
Emil G. Conason ◽  
Percy E. Ryberg
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Personality Structure ◽  
Genetic Defects ◽  
Integrated Theory ◽  
Cellular Changes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Catechol Amines

Evidence is accumulating that schizophrenia is a disease involving “immunoallergic” sensitization of the tissues of the central nervous system. Variations in its symptomatology may in part depend upon the altered ability of the sensitized nervous tissue to bind or release serotonin, and perhaps other endogenous catechol amines. Accumulation of these products; their rates of turnover; the presence of endogenous enzyme enhancers or inhibitors; specific endocrine dyscrasias; blood-brain barrier conditioners; as well as cellular changes in electrolytes, may all play a part in the process. Genetic defects; lags in maturation; autonomic imbalance and pre-psychotic personality structure may lurk in the background.

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