scholarly journals Dr. Alessandro Tedeschi: Anatomisch - experimenteller Beitrag zum Studium der Regeneration des Gewebes des Centralnervensystems. Beiträge zur pathologischen Anatomie et caet. XXI Bd. Erstes Heft. 1897. S. S. 43—72

2020 ◽  
Vol V (3) ◽  
pp. 164-166
Author(s):  
A. E. Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Positive Sense ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

The question of the regeneration of the nervous tissue in general and the elements of the central nervous system in particular was the subject of numerous and conscientious studies; but to this day this question is open, it is the arena of various, even directly opposite views. The author, on the basis of his numerous, which required a significant investment of time and labor, experiments and observations, decides the question in a positive sense regarding the participation of nervous elements in the regeneration of the central nervous system in mammals. The author, in a large, but complete essay, introduces the issue to the literature, sets out in detail the technique of performing experiments, points to the technique that he used in microscopic studies, gives several protocols of pathological and anatomical dissections of experimental animals and, finally, details of microscopic studies of the brain with an illustration of words with the corresponding drawings, gives conclusions from their observations, the presentation of which I will limit myself to this abstract.

Urea transport in the central nervous system

1962 ◽  
Vol 203 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. Kleeman ◽  
Hugh Davson ◽  
Emanuel Levin
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Urea Transport ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Rate Of Penetration ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
The Brain ◽  
State Content

The kinetics of urea transport in the central nervous system have been studied in rabbits during sustained intravenous and intracisternal infusions of C12 and C14 urea. The steady state content of urea in the water phase of the white matter and cord was approximately equal to its content in plasma water. However, the water of whole brain and gray matter had levels of urea which exceeded those in plasma by 7 and 18%, respectively, whereas the urea in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was only 78% of the plasma level. Its rate of penetration into nervous tissue was approximately one-tenth as rapid as into muscle. The intravenous infusion of urea caused a significant decrease in water content of the brain and cord. It was estimated that urea infused into the subarachnoid space penetrated the central nervous system (CNS) tissues at four to five times the rate of transport from blood to CNS tissues. These studies suggest that intravenous infusions of urea lower CSF pressure by decreasing the volume of the brain and cord. The major barrier to urea penetration into nervous tissue is at the capillary level, and not the plasma membrane of the glial or neuronal cells.

The Pathology of Milkiness, Thickening, and Opacity of the Pia-arachnoid in the Insane

1895 ◽  
Vol 41 (175) ◽  
pp. 622-635
Author(s):  
W. F. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Brain Cortex ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

There is at the present time great need of more complete and definite knowledge as to the pathology of the very marked structural changes that so commonly affect the pia-arachnoid in the insane. The subject is one of much importance to all of us as medical psychologists, for not only is the condition in question one of the most conspicuous lesions associated with mental disease, but it implicates a structure of primary importance in the economy of the central nervous system. It is by way of vessels that course through this membrane that nutriment is conveyed to the brain cortex, and the waste products resulting from metabolism in the cerebral tissues are mainly conveyed away in the fluid that circulates in its lymph spaces. Therefore it is evident that these morbid changes may very seriously interfere with the functions both of nutrition and excretion in the brain.

On the Nature, Origin and Distribution of the Corpora Amylacea of the Brain with Observations on Some New Staining Reactions

1953 ◽  
Vol 99 (417) ◽  
pp. 689-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noel Alder
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Recent Observation ◽  
Corpora Amylacea ◽  
Amyloid Disease ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

Corpora amylacea (C.A.) or amyloid bodies found in the brain and the product of amyloid degeneration in other organs derive their name from the starch-like reaction which they give with iodine (Virchow); otherwise these substances have few points in common, and while amyloid disease has become fairly rare nowadays, the presence of C.A. constitutes one of the regular changes in senile and senescent brains. This is perhaps why it has attracted much less attention than amyloid degeneration. For instance in 18 out of 25 papers, containing detailed accounts of the histo-pathological pictures, I found no references to C.A., yet one could hardly assume that amyloid bodies were overlooked. Most text-books pay scanty attention to the subject, while Buzzard and Greenfield (1921) consider it of no pathological significance. Since, however, C.A. are encountered under a variety of conditions (not merely senility), in greatly varying amounts and at different sites in the central nervous system, it may be worth while to investigate their nature, origin and occurrence in the light of recent observation.

Some Considerations of the Physical Factor in Delusional States

1939 ◽  
Vol 85 (354) ◽  
pp. 119-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Hemphill
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Physical Factor ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

On the subject of the correlation of neurological lesions with psycho-pathological phenomena, two eminent neuro-histologists, the Werthams, have recently written: “It must be pointed out that in proportion to the extraordinary complexity and differentiation of the finer functions mediated by the central nervous system, histological lesions are very gross. However we may conceive of the functional processes going on in the central nervous system—physiological, physico-chemical, metabolic, electrical, etc.—it should be obvious that only the grossest miscarriages and defects would become morphologically visible. Structural lesions are the effect of functional reactions that are not histologically demonstrable. Physico-chemical changes, metabolic processes, functional changes of blood-vessels, and similar biological phenomena that cannot be micro-histologically demonstrated, precede the anatomically visible lesions which occur only where the processes have attained a certain intensity. What we can demonstrate histologically in the nervous parenchyma is not by any means an adequate basis for the understanding of the quality, intensity or normality of nervous functions. In a patient who dies in the convulsions of tetanus, the anterior horn-cells may reveal nothing abnormal. Even the most minute and complete histological examination of the central nervous system in a case may fail to reveal any evidence of an existing profound disorder of brain function. There are cases of idiocy of the severest type in which no significant histological changes may be demonstrable in the brain.”

scholarly journals II. Contributions to the anatomy of the central nervous system in vertebrate animals. Sub-section I. Teleostei. Appendix. On the brain of the Mormyridæ

1882 ◽  
Vol 33 (216-219) ◽  
pp. 400-403
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

The author, after a preliminary sketch of the literature of the subject, and a description of his method of hardening and staining, proceeds to give an idea of the external aspect of the central nervous system in the Mormyridæ.

scholarly journals About ascending degenerations in the brainstem and descending in the spinal cord (after damage to the lateral part of the brain between the occipital foramen and atlant)

2020 ◽  
Vol VI (1) ◽  
pp. 92-117
Author(s):  
S. A. Sukhanov
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Lateral Part ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Occipital Foramen

Among the new ways of coloring the nervous tissue, which gave us a lot of new facts and partly contributing to the changes in our previous information about the course of fibers in the central nervous system, is the Marchi method, which is very common at the present time, due to its extreme convenience and simplicity in defining degeneration nerve fibers.

scholarly journals Observations on the anatomy, physiology, and degenerations of the nervous system of the bird

1899 ◽  
Vol 64 (402-411) ◽  
pp. 176-179 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Previous Literature ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

In this research the modern methods of investigating the course of tracts and their degeneration in the central nervous system have been used. The previous literature of the subject is scanty. Bumm first gave an account of the various tracts in the brain, and the histological side has been and is still being worked out by Brandis. Valuable information is given by Edinger in his ‘Vorlesungen,’ and quite recently the Marchi method has been used and the results obtained described by Wiener and Münzer, Wallenberg and Friedländer.

scholarly journals Olfactory transmucosal SARS-CoV-2 invasion as port of Central Nervous System entry in COVID-19 patients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Meinhardt ◽  
Josefine Radke ◽  
Carsten Dittmayer ◽  
Ronja Mothes ◽  
Jonas Franz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Olfactory Mucosa ◽  
The Body ◽  
Thromboembolic Events ◽  
Control Center ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe newly identified severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19, a pandemic respiratory disease presenting with fever, cough, and often pneumonia. Moreover, thromboembolic events throughout the body including the central nervous system (CNS) have been described. Given first indication for viral RNA presence in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid and in light of neurological symptoms in a large majority of COVID-19 patients, SARS-CoV-2-penetrance of the CNS is likely. By precisely investigating and anatomically mapping oro- and pharyngeal regions and brains of 32 patients dying from COVID-19, we not only describe CNS infarction due to cerebral thromboembolism, but also demonstrate SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism. SARS-CoV-2 enters the nervous system via trespassing the neuro-mucosal interface in the olfactory mucosa by exploiting the close vicinity of olfactory mucosal and nervous tissue including delicate olfactory and sensitive nerve endings. Subsequently, SARS-CoV-2 follows defined neuroanatomical structures, penetrating defined neuroanatomical areas, including the primary respiratory and cardiovascular control center in the medulla oblongata.

Concluding remarks

1977 ◽  
Vol 278 (961) ◽  
pp. 435-436 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Developmental Problems ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Considerable Body ◽  
The Brain

The discussion has shown that plasticity in the nervous system is now a topic that is actively investigated by physiologists and psychologists. When I gave the Ferrier Lecture on the subject 25 years ago it was little understood and what was known was mostly about the peripheral nervous system. We now also have a considerable body of knowledge about plasticity in the central nervous system, even in mammals, which is welcome both for its importance in medicine and for our understanding of the fundamental problems of neuroscience. The brain depends upon different channels responding to different items of information, so the key to understanding it is to find out how the channels become connected. The conference has shown that, as in all developmental problems, heredity and environment both play their part. Every aspect of the brain is ‘doubly dependent’, on genetic influences from within and environmental ones from outside. The capacity to respond during development is presumably itself programmed in the genome. Keating showed how adaptive changes are needed in Xenopus to make the receptors and the nervous system keep pace with the changing pattern of behaviour.

scholarly journals XXI. Contributions to the anatomy of the central nervous system in vertebrate animals

1882 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 927-959 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
External Appearance ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

Marcusen has given a very good résumé of the zoological history of this family from the time of their first discovery by Hasselquist, a pupil of Linneus, up to the date of the publication of his paper by the St. Petersburg Academy, and as his treatise is easily accessible there is no occasion for my going into that part of the subject here. The external appearance of these Fishes gives no indication at all of anything extraordinary in the structure of the brain, and as the zoologist above referred to, did not pay much attention to anatomy, more than half a century elapsed before any steps were taken in that direction. One of the species at least was very well known to the ancient Egyptians, to whom it was a sacred animal, and its portrait is even now quite easily distinguishable on some of the monuments.

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