Tax and Travel among the Hill-Tribes of Northern Adamawa

Africa ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. M. Kirk-Greene
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Heterogeneous Population ◽  
British Occupation ◽  
The People ◽  
Hill Tribes ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
Slave Raids ◽  
The Hill

Opening ParagraphThe area under consideration consists of 1,100 square miles of the Madagali, Cubunawa, and Mubi districts of the northern touring division of Adamawa emirate, whose sub-headquarters at Mubi is responsible to the administrative capital at Yola on the River Benue. It is occupied by a heterogeneous population of fairly primitive pagans, and some 400 square miles of the area are still declared closed territory under the Unsettled Districts Ordinance. Though there is a steady, if unspectacular, movement down to the plains, a large proportion of the people remain in their mountain fastnesses whither they fled in the nineteenth century to seek safety from the marauding Fulani cavalry during the slave-raids that characterized the period between the jihad and the British occupation.

Possible sources for the origin of gold as an economic and social vehicle for women in lamu (Kenya)

Africa ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia W. Romero
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Ruling Class ◽  
The People ◽  
African Slaves ◽  
Southern Arabia ◽  
Opening Paragraph

Opening ParagraphLamu today is composed of several ethnic groups with an affinity for gold: the Afro-Arab old families who intermarried with the BuSaid ruling class from Oman and Zanzibar; Hadrami newcomers from southern Arabia; and the slaves of these groups, all of whom came from central Africa. In addition, there are Bohra Indians (only a few remain of the two hundred or so earlier in the century), two Parsees, and one remaining Ismaili family whose origins in India dictate a desire for gold. Other people, such as Bajuni, are now living in Lamu; but most are poor and the few who have gold are those who have gone to Mombasa or away to school, and then returned. Some of them have married into the heretofore closed ranks of the old Afro-Arab families precisely because they have made money or can be expected to, and will provide gold. There are numbers of other ethnic groups in Lamu, including Africans from the Kenya mainland across the bay from Lamu island. Land, not gold, is important to them. The people of concern here are mainly the Bohra Indians, Afro-Arabs, and the Hadramis – all of whom covet gold. Marriages in Lamu were arranged along ethnic, class, and family lines at least since the nineteenth century. Gold for brides was a necessity – especially for the upper-class Afro-Arab (mixtures of local Africans, African slaves, and Arab traders) families and among the various Indian groups (historically Hindu, Dauudi Bohra, Ithnasharia, Ismaili, and Goans) then living and trading there.

scholarly journals XXVIII.—Contributions to the Craniology of the People of the Empire of India. Part I. The Hill Tribes of the North-East Frontier and the People of Burma

1900 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 703-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wm. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
The Public ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The People ◽  
Hill Tribes ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The University ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Craniological Characters

For a number of years I have been collecting specimens and conducting an investigation into the craniological characters of the native inhabitants of our great Indian Empire, and several hundred skulls have now been under examination, and almost all have been measured. The sources to which I have been indebted for material are in part the collection of crania belonging to the Henderson Trustees, long known as the Edinburgh Phrenological Museum, and now deposited by the Trustees in the Anatomical Museum of the University; in part, a few specimens belonging to the University collected by my predecessors in office; in part, the valuable series of Indian crania belonging to the Indian Museum, Calcutta, which through the intercession of Dr John Anderson, F.R.S., the former Director, the Trustees of that Museum, with great liberality, most courteously permitted me to have the loan of for purposes of study; and lastly, a number of crania which have been forwarded to me by friends and former pupils, engaged in the public service in India, to whom I take this opportunity of expressing my indebtedness for the valuable material which I have received from them.

Federal Administration, Rank, and Civil Strife among Bemba Royals and Nobles

Africa ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard P. Werbner
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Civil Strife ◽  
Strong Belief ◽  
The People ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
Relations Of Power ◽  
Federal Administration

Opening ParagraphIn the latter half of the nineteenth century, a change came about in the hereditary régime of the Bemba kingdom during civil strife between members of the kingdom's royal and noble strata. The rulers of the kingdom, who shared in the Central African trade of slaves and ivory for guns and calico, fought to defend their positions and to meet the competition from opponents who could enter into new relations of power. Past conceptions of the kingdom in terms of centralization have obscured this, hindering understanding of the specialized structures of authority among royals and nobles, the differences among the ruling strata, and the variable interlocking of their federal administrations. Richards has argued, in somewhat contradictory fashion, that the kingdom, primarily unified through ritual beliefs, was nevertheless centralized owing to an apparent concentrating of control over territorial administration in the hands of royals:In Northern Rhodesia the kingdom of the Bemba was kept united by the strong belief of the people in the ritual powers of their king. All district chieftainships were filled by princes of the blood who moved in succession by genealogical seniority from one chieftainship to another. Clan leaders were unimportant politically and the king's favourites never held office. A royal dynasty in control of all territorial posts seem to have been sufficient to achieve centralization of a loose type.

Contributions to the Craniology of the People of the Empire of India. Part I.—The Hill Tribes of the North-East Frontier and the People of Burma

1899 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 550-552
Author(s):  
Wm. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Short Account ◽  
The Public ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The People ◽  
The Face ◽  
Geographical Position ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Hill Tribes ◽  
The Hill

AbstractThe author contributes the first of a series of memoirs on the craniology of the natives of the countries comprising the Empire of India. The skulls of the hill tribes were from the Lushai-Chin hill tracts, the Nágá Mountains near Manipur, and Nepaul. The author was indebted for the majority of the specimens to former pupils engaged in the public service in India. A short account of the geographical position and of the external characters of the tribes is given, compiled from the writings more especially of Captain Butler, Colonel Lewin, Colonel Woodthorpe, Surgeon-Colonel Reid, General Sir James Johnstone, and from notes furnished to the author by Surgeon-Captain D. Macbeth Moir, Dr C. L. Williams, Surgeon-Major D. H. Graves, Surgeon-Major Bannerman, and Surgeon-Colonel F. W. Wright.Eleven adult skulls from the Lushai-Chin hill tracts were examined—nine of which were those of men, two of women. Their characters and measurements were described in detail. Four specimens were dolichocephalic, index below 75; five were between 75 and 77·5, and two from the South Lushai hill tracts were above 80; the mean of the series was 76·l. When the two brachycephalic skulls are excluded the mean index was 74·6, so that the people are in the main dolichocephalic. As regards the relation of length to height the mean of the series was 73·8, and as a rule the breadth exceeded the height. Generally speaking the face was orthognathous and chamæprosopic, the nose was mesorhine, the orbit was megaseme, and the palato-alveolar arch was brachyuranic. The mean cubic capacity of the skulls of nine men was 1353 c.cm., the range being from 1270 to 1480.

The “Hill Refuges” of the Jos Plateau: A Historiographical Examination

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 201-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Tambo
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Economic Organization ◽  
North Central ◽  
Jos Plateau ◽  
The North ◽  
The People ◽  
High Plain ◽  
The Hill

The Jos Plateau comprises an area of approximately 2500 square miles in the north-central part of Nigeria. It includes a high plain, interspersed with granite hills and is bounded by a broken scarp some 1500 to 3000 feet in height. Historically as well as geographically, the Plateau has stood apart from the neighboring lower plains region. In the nineteenth century, the Muslim emirate of Bauchi controlled nearly all the territory surrounding the Plateau, but inhabitants of the Plateau successfully repelled intermittent Bauchi Incursions and maintained their independence until the arrival of the British at the beginning of the twentieth century.Most of the literature dealing with the Plateau has focused on this theme of resistance and a number of interrelated topics. As it happens, such studies nearly always emphasize the isolated nature of the region, whether cultural or economic. As a result, a stereotyped view of the Plateau has emerged, a view which characterizes the area as a “hill refuge,” settled by small groups who lived in the most inaccessible reaches, were economically self-sufficient, and who at best maintained minimal links with each other. The isolated nature of these groups is seen as a major cause of their intrinsically conservative nature and predisposition to resist change. According to the stereotype, the people of the Plateau remain a useful subject of research since they continue to exhibit many of the “archaic” forms of social, political and economic organization that may have been prevalent throughout Africa thousands of years ago.

scholarly journals Contributions to the Craniology of the People of India. Part II.—The Aborigines of Chútá Nágpúr, of the Central Provinces and the people of Orissa

1902 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 161-162
Author(s):  
William Turner
Keyword(s):  
The People ◽  
Hill Tribes ◽  
The Hill

AbstractThis part of my memoir on the crania of the people of India is especially occupied with a description of the hill tribes in the Lower provinces of Bengal and the Central provinces. It is based on an examination of a number of crania, the majority of which were placed at my disposal by the authorities of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Some belonged to tribes speaking dialects of the Kolarian group of languages; others of the Dravidian group.

The History Of Modern Vaccination In Cooch Behar State In The Nineteenth Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 180-190
Author(s):  
Rajkumar Bind
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Vaccination Programme ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
The State ◽  
The People ◽  
Small Pox ◽  
Preventive Method ◽  
History Of

This paper examines the development of modern vaccination programme of Cooch Behar state, a district of West Bengal of India during the nineteenth century. The study has critically analysed the modern vaccination system, which was the only preventive method against various diseases like small pox, cholera but due to neglect, superstation and religious obstacles the people of Cooch Behar state were not interested about modern vaccination. It also examines the sex wise and castes wise vaccinators of the state during the study period. The study will help us to growing conciseness about modern vaccination among the peoples of Cooch Behar district.   

The Challenge of Mass Democracy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin A. Schupmann
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
The State ◽  
Parliamentary Democracy ◽  
The People ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Mass Democracy

Chapter 1 analyzes Schmitt’s assessment of democratic movements in Weimar and the gravity of their effects on the state and constitution. It emphasizes that the focus of Schmitt’s criticism of Weimar was mass democracy rather than liberalism. Schmitt warned that the combination of mass democracy, the interpenetration of state and society, and the emergence of total movements opposed to liberal democracy, namely the Nazis and the Communists, were destabilizing the Weimar state and constitution. Weimar, Schmitt argued, had been designed according to nineteenth century principles of legitimacy and understandings of the people. Under the pressure of mass democracy, the state was buckling and cannibalizing itself and its constitution. Despite this, Schmitt argued, Weimar jurists’ theoretical commitments left them largely unable to recognize the scope of what was occurring. Schmitt’s criticism of Weimar democracy was intended to raise awareness of how parliamentary democracy could be turned against the state and constitution.

scholarly journals Autosomal Microsatellite Investigation Reveals Multiple Genetic Components of the Highlanders from Thailand

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 383
Author(s):  
Aornpriya Mawan ◽  
Nonglak Prakhun ◽  
Kanha Muisuk ◽  
Suparat Srithawong ◽  
Metawee Srikummool ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Forensic Investigation ◽  
Northern Thailand ◽  
Hill Tribe ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Population Interactions ◽  
Hill Tribes ◽  
The Hill

The hill tribes of northern Thailand comprise nine officially recognized groups: the Austroasiatic-speaking (AA) Khmu, Htin and Lawa; the Hmong-Mien-speaking (HM) IuMien and Hmong; and the Sino-Tibetan-speaking (ST) Akha, Karen, Lahu and Lisu. Except the Lawa, the rest of the hill tribes migrated into their present habitats only very recently. The Thai hill tribes were of much interest to research groups focusing on study of cultural and genetic variation because of their unique languages and cultures. So far, there have been several genetic studies of the Thai hill tribes. However, complete forensic microsatellite database of the Thai hill tribes is still lacking. To construct such database, we newly generated 654 genotypes of 15 microsatellites commonly used in forensic investigation that belong to all the nine hill tribes and also non-hill tribe highlanders from northern Thailand. We also combined 329 genotypes from previous studies of northern Thai populations bringing to a total of 983 genotypes, which were then subjected to genetic structure and population relationships analyses. Our overall results indicated homogenous genetic structure within the HM- and Tai-Kadai (TK)-speaking groups, large genetic divergence of the HM-speaking Hmong but not IuMien from the other Thai groups, and genetic heterogeneity within the ST- and AA-speaking groups, reflecting different population interactions and admixtures. In addition to establishing genetic relationships within and among these populations, our finding, which provides a more complete picture of the forensic microsatellite database of the multiple Thai highland dwellers, would not only serve to expand and strengthen forensic investigation in Thailand, but would also benefit its neighboring countries of Laos and Myanmar, from which many of the Thai hill tribes originated and where large populations of these ethnic groups still reside.

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