Law and Economics of Vertical Integration and Control

Fierce competition in industrial markets is pushing companies to seek sources of cost reduction and control rise. Stable cross-sectoral links within value chains contribute to the emergence of the possibility of integrating business structures. To make a competent decision to merge, a consistent analysis of the situation in the industry market, in the technological chain and at a particular enterprise is required. For this purpose, in this article, general methodological approaches and assessment indicators are collected in an algorithm, recommendations are given for determining the feasibility of vertical integration.

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FORMATION OF RESEARCH COMPETENCIES IN THE PROCESS OF TRAINING PENITENTIARY PSYCHOLOGISTS

SOCIETY INTEGRATION EDUCATION Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference ◽

10.17770/sie2020vol2.4892 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 315

Author(s):

Irina Slobodskaya ◽

Elena Filipova ◽

Oxana Martynyuk

Keyword(s):

Information Technologies ◽

Law And Economics ◽

Education Institution ◽

Mathematical Methods ◽

Research Competencies ◽

Training Courses ◽

High Level ◽

And Control ◽

Long Term Experience

Training of penitentiary psychologists on the educational program «Psychology of official activity» is conducted in two universities of the Federal penitentiary service (FSIN of Russia). An important component of the practical and scientific activities of the penitentiary psychologist is the development, conduct and analysis of various psychological studies that require a high level of development of the necessary competencies. This article discusses the author's methodology IVDRC (Individual vector of development of research competencies), used in the training of penitentiary psychologists in the study of mathematical methods in psychology. The methodology is based on the continuity and professional orientation of training courses, individual approach, support and control of the stages of study of disciplines, the use of information technologies, own methodological materials and manuals. The developed technique is a generalization of long-term experience of teaching mathematical disciplines in departmental higher education institution. The technique of IVDRC has been successfully used for several years at the psychological faculty of the Vologda Institute of Law and Economics of the Federal Penal Service of Russia. To date, more than 150 cadets have been trained using the technology of IVDRC. The article analyzes some results and efficiency of its application using statistical methods.

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Nouvelle donne législative et causes de la criminalité « corporative »

Criminologie ◽

10.7202/017395ar ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 9-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Laureen Snider

Keyword(s):

Social Policy ◽

Corporate Crime ◽

Law And Economics ◽

Academic Support ◽

Administrative Law ◽

Global Capitalism ◽

Nation State ◽

Criminal Legislation ◽

And Control ◽

Subsequent Replacement

This paper examines the ideological and political collapse of laws regulating corporate crime in North America. In an era where social control and criminalization are steadily increasing, corporate crime has been normalized, shorn of its negative, criminal implications, de-regulated in law. The paper asks why this has happened, looking first at the century-long battle waged by labour and other counter-hegemonic groups to censure and control the antisocial acts of corporations through the passage of criminal legislation. Second, it examines the role criminology as a discipline played in this process, and the subsequent replacement of criminological discourse and influence by the newly-ascendent law and economics movement, which has provided the much of the academic support for de-regulation. Both developments, it is argued, are linked to changes in global capitalism and the weakened nation-state. Finally, the paper argues that the removal of regulation through criminal or administrative law, and of its accompanying rhetorics of denunciation, has grave consequences for social policy. The structural and ideological forces of global capitalism that have normalized corporate crime have also provided ideal conditions for increases in its incidence and impact.

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Economic Analysis of Environmental Law

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2003-10-34-49 ◽

2003 ◽

pp. 34-49

Author(s):

N. Pakhomova ◽

K. Richter

Keyword(s):

Environmental Economics ◽

Institutional Economics ◽

Law And Economics ◽

Environmental Law ◽

Chicago School ◽

Scientific Discipline ◽

Monitoring And Control ◽

Social Monitoring ◽

Application Potential ◽

And Control

The basic concepts and the application potential of the new scientific direction – "law and environmental economics" – are considered in the paper. This area is closely related to the broader scientific discipline "law and economics". The authors study the results reached by the main scientific schools in that area: the Chicago school of law and economics, the school of law reformism and neo-institutional economics, and discuss the possibilities of their use in the ecological sphere. Special attention is paid to the field of social monitoring and control of the implementation of the state ecological policy by the civil society.

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Control Without Responsibility: The Legal Creation of Franchising, 1960–1980

Enterprise & Society ◽

10.1017/eso.2019.58 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-27

Author(s):

BRIAN CALLACI

Keyword(s):

Vertical Integration ◽

Small Business Administration ◽

Late Nineteenth Century ◽

Vertical Restraints ◽

Business Organizations ◽

Large Size ◽

Business Form ◽

Formal Integration ◽

Legal Mechanism ◽

And Control

While the first business organizations to reach large size in the late nineteenth century did so through the route of vertical integration—formal ownership of assets and direct employment of workers—mid-twentieth-century franchising firms pioneered a new path to bigness, relying on restrictive contracts rather than formal integration to control their business organizations. Franchised chains replaced formal ownership and employment with contractual mechanisms known as vertical restraints (contractual controls on separate firms, such as price and supplier restrictions) to achieve uniformity and control over their outlets, without directly owning them. While most existing accounts of franchising focus on efficiency reasons for the evolution of the business form, this paper identifies a policy and legal mechanism: the relaxing of antitrust prohibitions on vertical restraints. These policy and legal changes were heavily lobbied for by franchising firms themselves. Whatever the efficiency implications of franchising, the increasing legalization of vertical restraints also had the benefit for franchising firms of allowing them to pull in the legal boundaries of the firm, leaving workers and other stakeholders outside. At the same time that they pursued franchising as a kind of vertical integration by other means, franchisors lobbied to preserve the legal benefits of having franchisees considered separate firms under a variety of laws, such as access to Small Business Administration loans and exclusion of workers at franchised establishments from access to collective bargaining and other rights against them.

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Optimizing Traffic Engineering in Software Defined Networking

10.20944/preprints201811.0486.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Mouhammd Alkasassbeh ◽

Ghazi Al-Naymat ◽

Mohammad Alauthman ◽

Esra Ednat

Keyword(s):

Vertical Integration ◽

Traffic Engineering ◽

Minimum Cost ◽

Software Defined Networking ◽

Network Control ◽

Network Configuration ◽

Control Logic ◽

Network Delay ◽

Complex Process ◽

And Control

The digital society is an outcome of the Internet which has nearly made everything connected and accessible no matter where or when. Nevertheless, despite the fact that conventional IP networks are complicated and very hard to manage, they are still widely adopted. The already established policies make the network configuration/reconfiguration a complex process that reacts to errors, load, and modifications. The prevailing networks are vertically integrated which makes things more and more complicated: Data planes and control are strapped together. Software-defined networking is a model that is meant to solve this issue by splitting the vertical integration and detaching the network’s control logic from the implicit routers and switches; this could be achieved by reinforcing centralization of network control and making the network programmable. In this work, we worked to implement MPLS networks with SDN, to enhance the traffic engineering over the network, and to minimize the network delay and latency, with minimum cost using three of the different SDN networks. The experiment results showed the advantage of the proposed approach for reducing the network delay, comparing with previous studies. Where the average of network delay in our approach reaches to 3.01 milliseconds.

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The indeterminacy of ‘temporariness’: Control and power in neo-bureaucratic organizations and work in UK television

Human Relations ◽

10.1177/0018726716648387 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 69 (12) ◽

pp. 2274-2297 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Jonathan Morris ◽

Catherine Farrell ◽

Mike Reed

Keyword(s):

Social Capital ◽

Technological Change ◽

Vertical Integration ◽

Extreme Case ◽

Television Industry ◽

The Past ◽

Cost Cutting ◽

The Uk ◽

And Control ◽

Coordination And Control

Whereas historically the UK television industry has been characterized by hierarchy and vertical integration of programme production within a few large broadcasters, new neo-bureaucratic temporary organizational forms have proliferated in the industry in the past 20 years. This has been a product of a variety of factors, including globalization, technological change in the industry, deregulation and cost-cutting. This article draws on research involving 75 participants working in the large broadcasters, independents and as freelancers. The temporary form in the industry is an extreme case, in that they can be of very short duration (under a week). This has far-reaching implications for industry coordination and control. However, these forms are far from ‘one-offs’ and they are continuously reinvented and recast. This neo-bureaucratic form is controlled and regulated by the major producers through a set of powerful normative methods, based partly on an evolving custom and practice, but also in the extreme familiarity of people in the industry, across the large broadcasters, the independents and freelancers. The article evaluates how the structures, processes and coordination of these organizations through the manipulation of social capital in the industry are used to regulate and control a set of confused and ‘messy’ temporary arrangements.

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Control of Metal Alloy Oxidation with Electric Fields

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100071260 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 164-165

Author(s):

R. R. Dils ◽

P. S. Follansbee

Keyword(s):

Electric Fields ◽

Oxidation Process ◽

Base Alloy ◽

Oxide Surface ◽

Platinum Electrodes ◽

Insulating Layer ◽

Iron Base Alloy ◽

Alloy Oxidation ◽

Aluminum Oxide Layer ◽

And Control

Electric fields have been applied across oxides growing on a high temperature alloy and control of the oxidation of the material has been demonstrated. At present, three-fold increases in the oxidation rate have been measured in accelerating fields and the oxidation process has been completely stopped in a retarding field.The experiments have been conducted with an iron-base alloy, Pe 25Cr 5A1 0.1Y, although, in principle, any alloy capable of forming an adherent aluminum oxide layer during oxidation can be used. A specimen is polished and oxidized to produce a thin, uniform insulating layer on one surface. Three platinum electrodes are sputtered on the oxide surface and the specimen is reoxidized.

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Evidence for a Blood Ganglion Barrier in the Superior Cervical Ganglion of the Rat

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100053681 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 40 ◽

pp. 204-204

Author(s):

D. M. DePace

Keyword(s):

Blood Vessels ◽

Superior Cervical Ganglion ◽

Peripheral Nerves ◽

Time Schedule ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Cervical Ganglion ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Cervical Ganglia ◽

Capillary Circulation ◽

And Control

The majority of blood vessels in the superior cervical ganglion possess a continuous endothelium with tight junctions. These same features have been associated with the blood brain barrier of the central nervous system and peripheral nerves. These vessels may perform a barrier function between the capillary circulation and the superior cervical ganglion. The permeability of the blood vessels in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat was tested by intravenous injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Three experimental groups of four animals each were given intravenous HRP (Sigma Type II) in a dosage of.08 to.15 mg/gm body weight in.5 ml of.85% saline. The animals were sacrificed at five, ten or 15 minutes following administration of the tracer. Superior cervical ganglia were quickly removed and fixed by immersion in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in Sorenson's.1M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. Three control animals received,5ml of saline without HRP. These were sacrificed on the same time schedule. Tissues from experimental and control animals were reacted for peroxidase activity and then processed for routine transmission electron microscopy.

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