scholarly journals Hydrocracking of Coconut Oil on the NiO/Silica-Rich Zeolite Synthesized Using a Quaternary Ammonium Surfactant

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sriatun Sriatun ◽  
Heru Susanto ◽  
Widayat Widayat ◽  
Adi Darmawan
Keyword(s):  
Nickel Oxide ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Zeolite Catalysts ◽  
Wet Impregnation ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Gas Products ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants

NiO/silica-rich zeolite catalysts were used for coconut oil hydrocracking. The catalyst was prepared with a mixture of Na2SiO3, Al(OH)3, NaOH, and quaternary ammonium surfactants. The surfactant was varied of types like as tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPAB) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The acidity of the silica-rich sodalite zeolites enhances with the increase in nickel oxide added through a wet impregnation. The hydrocracking process was carried out by a semi-batch method. Liquid products were analyzed using GC-MS. The results showed that the addition of surfactants increased the catalyst surface area and acidity. Meanwhile, the presence of nickel oxide increases the acidity of the catalyst. The hydrocracking results showed an increase in gas products when the surface area was high, i.e., 23.781% in silica-rich sodalite zeolite without template (Z), 32.68% in silica-rich sodalite zeolite with tetrapropylammonium (ZTPA), and 39.673% in silica-rich sodalite zeolite with cetyltrimethylammonium (ZCTA). The presence of NiO increased the liquid product and the selectivity of the bioavtur fraction (C10-C15), where the highest percentage of liquid product was 60.07% at NiO/ZTPA.

scholarly journals Karakterisasi dan Aplikasi Katalis Nikel-Molibdenum Teremban pada Zeolit Alam Aktif untuk Hidrorengkah Tir Batubara

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Dwi Julian Sugianto ◽  
Karna Wijaya ◽  
Iqmal Tahir
Keyword(s):  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
Coal Tar ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Total Conversion ◽  
Wet Impregnation ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Molybdenum Catalysts

Preparation and characterization of nickel-molybdenum catalysts supported on activated natural zeolite over hydrorackingof coal tar have been done. Modification of catalyst was included activation of zeolite by HCl 6N, wet impregnation of Ni-Mo metal and leaching the Ni-Mo from zeolite surfaces with EDTA solution.The parameters of catalyst have been determinedi.e acid site number, the ratio of Si/Al, crystallinity, content of Ni-Mo metal, specific surface area, total pore volume, and poreaverage diameter. The hydrocracking of coal tar was carried out at the optimum temperature (450°C) by flowing H2 gas (flowrate of 20 mL/min) on the coal tar with ratio of feed:catalyst was 10:1. The resulting liquid product was analyzed by GC/GCMS.The result showed that catalytic hydrocracking with ZAA catalyst had the highest conversion of liquid products,which were 40.51% (w/w) compared to Ni-Mo/ZAA catalyst gave 28.61% and Ni-Mo/ZAA(E) gaves 28.06% (w/w). Thehighest light fractions (67.63% (w/w)) produced by using Ni-Mo/ZAA catalyst and the highest medium fractions wereproduced over ZAA catalyst which was 36.61% (w/w) and the highest total conversion on the product with Ni-Mo/ZAA(E)catalyst produced was 50.05% (w/w). The product analyzed with GC-MS result on the 9th highest peak showed that thehydrocracking products resulted over Ni-Mo/ZAA mostly were phenol and its derivatives.

scholarly journals Mesoporous silica from Parangtritis beach sand templated by CTAB as a support of Mo Metal as a catalyst for hydrocracking of waste palm cooking oil into biofuel

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gesha Desy Alisha ◽  
Wega Trisunaryanti ◽  
Akhmad Syoufian
Keyword(s):  
Mesoporous Silica ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Beach Sand ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Wet Impregnation ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Hydrocarbon Compound ◽  
Wet Impregnation Method

Abstract In this study, natural source Parangtritis beach sand was extracted into mesoporous silica (MS). Synthesis of mesoporous silica (MS) was carried out at sodium silicate: CTAB ratio of 1:0.5 (w/w). Monometallic catalyst was used to improve the performance of the catalyst. The monometallic used was Mo metal, which was synthesized using the wet impregnation method. Catalysts were characterized using FTIR, XRD, Surface Area Analyzer (SAA), SEM-EDX, and TEM. MS has pore diameters and surface area of 2.62 nm and 897.3 m2/g. Mo/MS has pore diameters, surface area, and Mo metal concentration of 2.46 nm, 593 m2/g, and 4.75 %. Catalytic activity and selectivity were evaluated in hydrocracking of waste palm cooking oil at 500, 550, and 600 oC, and catalyst: waste palm cooking oil ratio of 1:100, 1:200, and 1:300. The best catalyst will be tested for reusability 3 times through the hydrocracking process. Mo/MS produces better liquid products and hydrocarbon compounds than MS. The results of the conversion of liquid products analyzed using GCMS. The yield of liquid products obtained in the hydrocracking of waste palm cooking oil using Mo/MS with the optimum temperature and the weight ratio of catalyst: feed at 550oC and 1: 300 was 66.99 wt.% with consists of hydrocarbon compound as 62.79 wt.%. The yield of liquid products obtained in the hydrocracking waste palm cooking oil using the used Mo/MS catalyst in the last run was 80.26 wt.% with consist of hydrocarbon compound as 74.13 wt.%.

scholarly journals Effect of Nickel Concentration in Natural Zeolite as Catalyst in Hydrocracking Process of Used Cooking Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 2773-2777
Author(s):  
E.P. S usi ◽  
K. Wijaya ◽  
Wangsa ◽  
R.A. Pratika ◽  
P.L. Hariani
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Zeolite Catalysts ◽  
Ni Catalyst ◽  
Nickel Concentration ◽  
Nitrate Hexahydrate ◽  
Total Acidity ◽  
Used Cooking Oil ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Highly Uniform

Zeolites impregnated with Ni were successfully synthesized through wet impregnation using activated natural zeolites (ANZs) and the nickel nitrate hexahydrate (Ni(NO3)2·6H2O) precursor at different concentrations of 1%, 2% and 3% (w/w) (hereafter referred to as ANZ/Ni 1%, ANZ/Ni 2%, and ANZ/Ni 3%). The synthesized products were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), surface area analyzer (SAA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), total acidity measurements by employing ammonia adsorption and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory. The obtained catalysts were employed in the hydrocracking of waste cooking oils, and the formed products were analyzed through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The FTIR results indicated that ANZs impregnated with Ni can increase zeolite acidity. The test results of total acidity revealed that 3% ANZ/Ni catalyst exhibited the maximum total acidity of 3.70 mmol/g. XRD diffractogram confirmed the successful impregnation of Ni into ANZs, which was indicated by the characteristic diffraction peaks appearing at 2θ of 9.75º, 13.41º, 19.56º, 22.25º, 25.61º, 27.66º and 31.91º. SEM analysis indicated that the particle size of zeolite catalysts was non-uniform, but these catalysts exhibited a highly uniform surface after they were activated. Moreover, the ANZ catalysts impregnated with different concentrations of Ni exhibited a highly uniform particle size. The ANZ/Ni 3% catalyst had small uniform particle. The BET results revealed that the ANZ/Ni 2% catalyst exhibited the maximum pore volume and surface area and relatively smaller radii of pores. GC-MS was employed to determine liquid products, and its results showed that the ANZ/Ni 3% catalyst had the maximum amount of liquid products of 18%.

scholarly journals The Influence of Metal Loading Amount on Ni/Mesoporous Silica Extracted from Lapindo Mud Templated by CTAB for Conversion of Waste Cooking Oil into Biofuel

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
Cahyarani Paramesti ◽  
Wega Trisunaryanti ◽  
Savitri Larasati ◽  
Nugroho Raka Santoso ◽  
Sri Sudiono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mesoporous Silica ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Nickel Metal ◽  
Metal Loading ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Loading Amount

The synthesis and characterization of Ni/mesoporous silica (Ni/MS) catalysts from Lapindo mud with various metal loading for the hydrocracking of waste cooking oil into biofuel has been conducted. The MS was synthesized by the hydrothermal method using CTAB as a template. The nickel-metal of 4, 6, and 8 wt% was loaded into the MS using salt precursors of Ni(NO3)2.6H2O via wet impregnation, produced the Ni(4)/MS, Ni(6)/MS, and Ni(8)/MS catalysts, respectively. The materials produced were then characterized by X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Surface Area Analyzer (SAA), and Absorption Atomic Spectrophotometry (AAS). The catalytic activity test was carried out for hydrocracking of waste cooking oil and the resulted liquid product was analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the specific surface area of Ni(4)/MS, Ni(6)/MS, and Ni(8)/MS catalysts are 63.08, 91.45, and 120.45 m2/g, respectively. The liquid products of the hydrocracking using Ni(4)/MS, Ni(6)/MS, and Ni(8)/MS catalysts were 80.57, 74.63, and 75.77 wt%, where the total biofuel produced was 55.46, 50.93, and 54.05 wt%, respectively. Based on these results, Ni(4)/MS material was successfully used as the most potent catalyst in the hydrocracking of waste cooking oil into the biofuel. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 

The Conversion of Light Naphtha Into Aromatics by Using Promoted Zeolite Catalysts

1989 ◽  
Vol 42 (12) ◽  
pp. 2095 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Berti ◽  
JE Moore ◽  
L Salusinszky ◽  
D Seddon
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Product ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
Zeolite Catalysts ◽  
Weight Hourly Space Velocity ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Lower Severity ◽  
Benzene Toluene ◽  
Rich Liquid ◽  
Liquid Yield ◽  
Benzene Content

Zeolites of the ZSM-5 family are poor for converting liquid paraffins into aromatics, but commercially available H-ZSM-5 can be effectively promoted with zinc or gallium. A gallium-promoted zeolite was used for the conversion of pentane and a natural-gas condensate into aromatic-rich liquid products. Optimum performance was obtained at temperatures of 475�C and weight-hourly space velocity of 1 h-1. The aromatic products were principally benzene, toluene and xylene, with the benzene content increasing with increasing conversion temperature. Operation of the catalyst at high severity (high temperature, low space velocity) produced a liquid product containing over 90% of aromatics. Lower severity produced less aromatics but higher overall liquid yield.

scholarly journals CATALYTIC HYDROCRACKING OF WASTE LUBRICANT OIL INTO LIQUID FUEL FRACTION USING ZnO, Nb2O5, ACTIVATED NATURAL ZEOLITE AND THEIR MODIFICATION

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wega Trisunaryanti ◽  
Suryo Purwono ◽  
Arista Putranto
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Catalyst Characterization ◽  
Lubricant Oil ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Fuel Fraction ◽  
Waste Lubricant Oil

Catalytic hydrocracking of waste lubricant oil into liquid fuel fraction using ZnO, Nb2O5, activated natural zeolite (ZAAH) and their modification has been investigated. The zeolite was produced in Wonosari, Yogyakarta. Activation of the zeolite was carried out by refluxing with HCl 3M for 30 min, produced the activated natural zeolite (ZAAH). The ZnO/ZAAH catalyst was prepared by impregnation of Zn onto the ZAAH by ion exchange method using salt precursor of Zn(NO3)2.4H2O. The Nb2O5/ZAAH catalyst was prepared by mixing the ZAAH sample with Nb2O5 and oxalic acid solution until the paste was formed. The impregnation of Zn onto Nb2O5/ZAAH was carried out using the same method to that of the ZnO/ZAAH catalyst resulted ZnO/Nb2O5-ZAAH catalyst. Characterization of catalyst includes determination of Zn metal by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), acidity by gravimetric method and catalyst porosity by Surface Area Analyzer (NOVA-1000). Catalytic hydrocracking was carried out in a semi-batch reactor system using ZnO, ZAAH, ZnO/ZAAH and ZnO/Nb2O5-ZAAH catalysts at 450 oC under the H2 flow rate of 15 mL/min. and the ratio of catalyst/feed = 1/5. The composition of liquid products was analyzed by Gas Chromatograpy (GC).The results showed that impregnation of ZnO and/or Nb2O5 on the ZAAH increased the acidity and specific surface area of catalyst. The products of the hydrocracking process were liquid, coke and gas. Conversion of liquid products was increased by the increase of catalyst acidity. The highest liquid product was produced by ZnO/Nb2O5-ZAAH catalyst, 52.97 wt-%, consist of gasoline, 38.87 wt-% and diesel, 14.10 wt-%.   Keywords: hydrocracking, waste lubricant oil, liquid fuel fraction

scholarly journals Synthesis of Ce-Mesoporous Silica Catalyst and Its Lifetime Determination for the Hydrocracking of Waste Lubricant

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 441
Author(s):  
Wega Trisunaryanti ◽  
Triyono Triyono ◽  
Iip Izul Falah ◽  
Andreas David Siagian ◽  
Muhammad Fajar Marsuki
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Mesoporous Silica ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Bovine Bone ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Wet Impregnation ◽  
Transmission Electron

The synthesis of Ce/mesoporous silica (Ce/MS) and its lifetime determination for the hydrocracking of waste lubricant has been carried out. The MS was synthesized using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and gelatin extracted from bovine bone as a template. Cerium was impregnated onto the MS by wet impregnation method using Ce(NO3)3.6H2O. The MS and Ce/MS were then characterized by means of acidity using ammonia base vapor adsorption, Fourier Transform Spectrophotometer (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (SEM-EDX), and surface area analyzer (SAA) based on the BET and BJH equation. The Ce/MS catalyst was tested in hydrocracking of waste lubricant in three runs. Lifetime of Ce/MS catalyst was determined using a linear regression of the liquid product yields vs hydrocracking time. The Ce/MS catalyst showed an acidity of 2.79 mmol/g, BJH desorption pore diameter of 3.84 nm, BET surface area of 246.55 m2/g, and total pore volume of 0.44 cm3/g. The yield of liquid product obtained from hydrocracking of waste lubricant using the Ce/MS catalyst for the first, second, and third runs was 21.42, 17.23 and 10.54 wt.%, respectively for 2.5 h per each run. Lifetime of Ce/MS catalyst in hydrocracking of waste lubricant was 12.54 h.

scholarly journals Pyrolysis of Palm Kernel Shell to Chemicals by Using Bayah Natural Zeolites

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-68
Author(s):  
Endang Suhendi ◽  
Pipiet P.U. Naibaho ◽  
Eka R. Fauzan ◽  
Teguh Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Catalyst Activation ◽  
Pyrolysis Products ◽  
Co2 Gas ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Gas Products ◽  
Condensed Liquid

Palm kernel shell (PKS) is one of the biomass with high potential that can be converted into chemicals. In this study, palm kernel shell (PKS) was converted by pyrolysis method to produce condensed liquid products, gas, and solid. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of catalyst activation time on yields and characteristics of PKS waste pyrolysis products. The pyrolysis process was carried out at a temperature of 500oC. Based on the results obtained with the addition of catalysts at 7 hr of activation can reduce the yield of solid products by 1.5% wt and 9.01% wt of liquid and increase the yield of gas products by 10.51% wt. On the characteristics of solid product there is a decrease in volatile matter by 55.04% wt and an increase fixed carbon by 40.27% wt. The gas characteristics, the H2 and CO gas decreases by 5.43% v/v and 1.36% v/v and the increase in CH4 and CO2 gas by 1.07% v/v and 5.72% v/v. Characteristics of the liquid obtained an increase in the amount of acetic acid by 11.75% v/v and decrease phenol compounds by 13.08% v/v. The result liquid product can be applied as a chemical.

scholarly journals Fuel Production from LDPE-based Plastic Waste over Chromium Supported on Sulfated Zirconia

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 422
Author(s):  
Latifah Hauli ◽  
Karna Wijaya ◽  
Akhmad Syoufian
Keyword(s):  
Sulfated Zirconia ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Gasoline Fraction ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Wet Impregnation ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Wet Impregnation Method

The preparation, characterization, and catalytic activity test of sulfated zirconia (SZ) modified with chromium for the hydrocracking of LDPE-based plastic waste have been investigated. SZ was prepared by wet impregnation method using zirconia nanopowder (ZrO2) and H2SO4 solution. SZ was further modified with chromium (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% wt.%) by refluxing in aqueous solution of Cr(NO3)3·9H2O, followed by calcination and reduction processes. The prepared catalysts were characterized by SEM-Mapping and TEM. Hydrocracking of LDPE-based plastic waste was conducted at various temperatures and various catalysts. In addition, the optimum catalyst was repeatedly used for the reaction to demonstrate the stability of the catalyst. Liquid products obtained by hydrocracking were characterized by GCMS. The results showed that the morphology of the prepared catalysts had different sizes and disordered shapes after the addition of sulfate and Cr. The effective temperature for hydrocracking was 250 °C. The highest selectivity to liquid product and gasoline fraction were 40.99 and 93.42 wt.%, respectively, and were obtained over Cr/SZ with 1.0 wt.% Cr. Hydrocracking of plastic waste over the used Cr/SZ catalyst with 1.0 wt.% Cr showed that the Cr/SZ catalyst was stable and reusable up to three repetitions.

Effect of pyrolysis temperature on volatile products from hazelnut shells: products characteristics and antioxidant activity assessment of liquid products

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-391
Author(s):  
Chenxi Zhao ◽  
Yupeng Xing ◽  
Wei Lv ◽  
Juhui Chen ◽  
Xiaogang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Maximum Output ◽  
Activity Assessment ◽  
Volatile Products ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Fuels And Chemicals ◽  
Gas Products ◽  
Combustible Gases ◽  
Hazelnut Shells

Abstract It is being considered to pyrolyze lignin-rich biomass samples (hazelnut shells, HSs) into bio-fuels and chemicals to solve energy shortages and environmental concerns, volatile products (including liquid products and gas products) were produced and characterized from HSs pyrolysis at 400–1000 °C. With the temperature increases, the maximum output of liquid products was up to 35.79% produced at 700 °C, gas products yields increased from 21.82 to 55.46%. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC–MS) study indicated that liquid products from HSs riched in phenolic compounds, exceed 42% of liquid products and increased as the temperature rises. The application experiment showed that HSs liquid products had a significant role in antioxidant activity, and revealed that not limited to phenols, all compounds containing phenolic hydroxyl structure act as antioxidant. Composition analysis of gas products showed that more combustible gases were produced at the higher temperature, resulted in the significant increase in gas products higher heating value (HHV) from 6.21 to 24.36 MJ/kg.

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