scholarly journals CATALYTIC HYDROCRACKING OF WASTE LUBRICANT OIL INTO LIQUID FUEL FRACTION USING ZnO, Nb2O5, ACTIVATED NATURAL ZEOLITE AND THEIR MODIFICATION

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wega Trisunaryanti ◽  
Suryo Purwono ◽  
Arista Putranto
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Catalyst Characterization ◽  
Lubricant Oil ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Fuel Fraction ◽  
Waste Lubricant Oil

Catalytic hydrocracking of waste lubricant oil into liquid fuel fraction using ZnO, Nb2O5, activated natural zeolite (ZAAH) and their modification has been investigated. The zeolite was produced in Wonosari, Yogyakarta. Activation of the zeolite was carried out by refluxing with HCl 3M for 30 min, produced the activated natural zeolite (ZAAH). The ZnO/ZAAH catalyst was prepared by impregnation of Zn onto the ZAAH by ion exchange method using salt precursor of Zn(NO3)2.4H2O. The Nb2O5/ZAAH catalyst was prepared by mixing the ZAAH sample with Nb2O5 and oxalic acid solution until the paste was formed. The impregnation of Zn onto Nb2O5/ZAAH was carried out using the same method to that of the ZnO/ZAAH catalyst resulted ZnO/Nb2O5-ZAAH catalyst. Characterization of catalyst includes determination of Zn metal by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), acidity by gravimetric method and catalyst porosity by Surface Area Analyzer (NOVA-1000). Catalytic hydrocracking was carried out in a semi-batch reactor system using ZnO, ZAAH, ZnO/ZAAH and ZnO/Nb2O5-ZAAH catalysts at 450 oC under the H2 flow rate of 15 mL/min. and the ratio of catalyst/feed = 1/5. The composition of liquid products was analyzed by Gas Chromatograpy (GC).The results showed that impregnation of ZnO and/or Nb2O5 on the ZAAH increased the acidity and specific surface area of catalyst. The products of the hydrocracking process were liquid, coke and gas. Conversion of liquid products was increased by the increase of catalyst acidity. The highest liquid product was produced by ZnO/Nb2O5-ZAAH catalyst, 52.97 wt-%, consist of gasoline, 38.87 wt-% and diesel, 14.10 wt-%.   Keywords: hydrocracking, waste lubricant oil, liquid fuel fraction

scholarly journals Recycling of waste plastics to liquid fuel mixture over composite zeolites catalysts

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
Firuza Akhmetova ◽  
Yermek Aubakirov ◽  
Zheneta Tashmukhambetova ◽  
Larissa Sassykova ◽  
Huseyin Arbag ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Motor Fuel ◽  
Fuel Mixture ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Chemical Recycling ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Waste Plastic ◽  
Liquid Products

Plastic waste production and consumption is increasing at an alarming rate with the increase of the human population, rapid economic growth, continuous urbanization, and changes in lifestyle. In addition, the short life span of plastic accelerates the production of plastic waste on a daily basis. Plastic waste recycling is carried out in different ways, but in most developing countries, open or landfill disposal is a common practice for plastic waste management. Plastic recycling into feedstocks, also known as chemical recycling, is encouraged all over the world. One such area is the thermal and catalytic thermal degradation of plastics into hydrocarbon fractions, which can be used as high-quality motor fuel after appropriate processing. Hydrocracking in the presence of a catalyst is a promising method of converting waste plastic materials to high quality liquid transportation fuels with decreased amounts of olefins and heteroatoms such as S, N, Cl, N, and O. The article deals with the study of hydrocracking of waste plastic into high quality liquid fuel on various catalysts based on natural zeolite deposits Taizhuzgen. The aim of the work is to determine the effect of new composite catalysts on the yield of liquid products by studying the specific surface and porous structure based on natural zeolite modified with Mо salt. It is established that the modification of natural zeolite with Mo affects the morphology of the catalyst, therefore, the obtained catalysts have different effects on the yield and composition of liquid fractions during the hydrogenation thermocatalytic transformation of hydrocarbons. The highest yield of liquid products (61.56%) was achieved using the 2% Mo/Taizhuzgen zeolite catalyst, which was chosen as optimal.

scholarly journals Karakterisasi dan Aplikasi Katalis Nikel-Molibdenum Teremban pada Zeolit Alam Aktif untuk Hidrorengkah Tir Batubara

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Dwi Julian Sugianto ◽  
Karna Wijaya ◽  
Iqmal Tahir
Keyword(s):  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
Coal Tar ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Total Conversion ◽  
Wet Impregnation ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Molybdenum Catalysts

Preparation and characterization of nickel-molybdenum catalysts supported on activated natural zeolite over hydrorackingof coal tar have been done. Modification of catalyst was included activation of zeolite by HCl 6N, wet impregnation of Ni-Mo metal and leaching the Ni-Mo from zeolite surfaces with EDTA solution.The parameters of catalyst have been determinedi.e acid site number, the ratio of Si/Al, crystallinity, content of Ni-Mo metal, specific surface area, total pore volume, and poreaverage diameter. The hydrocracking of coal tar was carried out at the optimum temperature (450°C) by flowing H2 gas (flowrate of 20 mL/min) on the coal tar with ratio of feed:catalyst was 10:1. The resulting liquid product was analyzed by GC/GCMS.The result showed that catalytic hydrocracking with ZAA catalyst had the highest conversion of liquid products,which were 40.51% (w/w) compared to Ni-Mo/ZAA catalyst gave 28.61% and Ni-Mo/ZAA(E) gaves 28.06% (w/w). Thehighest light fractions (67.63% (w/w)) produced by using Ni-Mo/ZAA catalyst and the highest medium fractions wereproduced over ZAA catalyst which was 36.61% (w/w) and the highest total conversion on the product with Ni-Mo/ZAA(E)catalyst produced was 50.05% (w/w). The product analyzed with GC-MS result on the 9th highest peak showed that thehydrocracking products resulted over Ni-Mo/ZAA mostly were phenol and its derivatives.

scholarly journals Effect of Acid Concentration on the Activation of Bayah Natural Zeolite for Palm Kernel Shell Pyrolysis Application

REAKTOR ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-116
Author(s):  
Endang Suhendi ◽  
Andre Wibowo ◽  
Tia Lestari ◽  
Teguh Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Zeolite Catalyst ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Catalyst Characterization ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Replacement Solution

Biooil is the main product in the pyrolysis process which is expected to be a liquid fuel replacement solution. But the resulting biooil cannot be directly used as a result of high oxygenated compounds, high viscosity, corrosive, and unstable. Addition of activated natural zeolite catalyst to the pyrolysis process is expected to improve the quality of biooil in order to be used as a renewable liquid fuel. The research aims to determine the influence of acid concentrations on zeolite modification to the characteristics of pyrolysis products. Result of catalyst characterization indicates that zeolite activation using acid will increase Si/Al ratio as well as open the surface of previously hindered zeolite. The yield of char produced in this study tends not to undergo significant changes between the catalytic and noncatalytic pyrolysis by 33% wt. Addition of zeolite catalyst in pyrolysis proved to be able to increase the content of phenol and decrease the content of acetic acid in bio-oil by 6% . Meanwhile, yield of CO2 increases by 20% in the use of catalysts due to the release of oxygen in the oxygenate compounds. The results of this study showed that the resulting biooil still does not meet the specifications of liquid fuels but can be utilized as a renewable chemical feedstock.Keywords: pyrolysis; biomass; natural zeolite;modified

scholarly journals KARAKTERISASI ZEOLIT ALAM SELONG BELANAK LOMBOK SEBAGAI ADSORBEN DALAM PEMURNIAN ALKOHOL FERMENTASI

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Hulyadi Hulyadi
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Alcohol Fermentation ◽  
Titration Method ◽  
Zeolite Content

NTB has a large zeolite potential with a zeolite content percentage of 190,405 tons. One area that has great potential is the Selong belanak Central Lombok precisely at coordinates 8o51'48.5 "S 116o10'62.0" E mull mullet. Utilization of zeolite Lombok area is only used as a mixture of animal feed because it has not done research on its potential. One potential zeolite is its ability as an absorbent. Alcohol fermentation has not been able to be an alternative as a solution to energy problems. Alcohol fermentation only produces alcohols of less than 30% purity. This is caused by acetic acid byproducts that make microbes in the fermentation process can not breed optimally. From these problems need to be performed zeolite characteristic for optimal utilization. The purpose of this research is to find out the characteristics of natural zeolite of Selong belanak Lombok as an adsorbent in purifying alcohol of fermentation. The method of this research is descriptive with data collecting technique performed by zeolite characterization including cation exchange capacity with Schollenberger method, surface area using methylene blue method, absorption using Iodometry titration method, zeolite water content using gravimetric method and alcohol concentration determined by specific gravity and instrument GC-MS. Based on the result of natural zeolite research, Selong belanak Lombok has characteristic with natural cation zeolite exchange capacity of Selong Belanaq Lombok for 14,0894 meq / 100 gram. The zeolite surface area is 16, 3537 m2 / gram. Absorption zeolite to iodium is relatively low at 2.9357%. water content obtained from natural zeolite Selong Belanaq Lombok is 7.74%. After use of various alcoholic distillate absorbent fermentation alcohol concentration was obtained 81.4%. Based on the findings of natural zeolite researchers mullet tubes need to be activated more optimally to produce alcohols with purity above 99%, as laden mixture material in gasoline. 

scholarly journals The Influence of Metal Loading Amount on Ni/Mesoporous Silica Extracted from Lapindo Mud Templated by CTAB for Conversion of Waste Cooking Oil into Biofuel

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
Cahyarani Paramesti ◽  
Wega Trisunaryanti ◽  
Savitri Larasati ◽  
Nugroho Raka Santoso ◽  
Sri Sudiono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mesoporous Silica ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Nickel Metal ◽  
Metal Loading ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Loading Amount

The synthesis and characterization of Ni/mesoporous silica (Ni/MS) catalysts from Lapindo mud with various metal loading for the hydrocracking of waste cooking oil into biofuel has been conducted. The MS was synthesized by the hydrothermal method using CTAB as a template. The nickel-metal of 4, 6, and 8 wt% was loaded into the MS using salt precursors of Ni(NO3)2.6H2O via wet impregnation, produced the Ni(4)/MS, Ni(6)/MS, and Ni(8)/MS catalysts, respectively. The materials produced were then characterized by X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Surface Area Analyzer (SAA), and Absorption Atomic Spectrophotometry (AAS). The catalytic activity test was carried out for hydrocracking of waste cooking oil and the resulted liquid product was analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the specific surface area of Ni(4)/MS, Ni(6)/MS, and Ni(8)/MS catalysts are 63.08, 91.45, and 120.45 m2/g, respectively. The liquid products of the hydrocracking using Ni(4)/MS, Ni(6)/MS, and Ni(8)/MS catalysts were 80.57, 74.63, and 75.77 wt%, where the total biofuel produced was 55.46, 50.93, and 54.05 wt%, respectively. Based on these results, Ni(4)/MS material was successfully used as the most potent catalyst in the hydrocracking of waste cooking oil into the biofuel. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 

scholarly journals STUDY ON THE CONCENTRATION EFFECT OF Nb2O5-ZAA CATALYST TOWARDS TOTAL CONVERSION OF BIODIESEL IN TRANSESTERIFICATION OF WASTED COOKING OIL

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-274
Author(s):  
Astuti Tri Padmaningsih ◽  
Wega Trisunaryanti ◽  
Iqmal Tahir
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Concentration Effect ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Total Conversion ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
N2 Atmosphere ◽  
Methanol Medium

Study on the concentration effect of Nb2O5-ZAA catalyst towards total conversion of biodiesel has been conducted. The natural zeolite (ZA) was activated by dipping in NH4Cl solution and was calcined using N2 atmosphere at 500 °C for 5h to produce the ZAA sample. The Nb2O5-ZAA catalyst was made by mixing the activated natural zeolite (ZAA), Nb2O5 3 % (w/w) and oxalic acid 10 % (w/w) solution, until the paste was formed, followed by drying and calcining the catalyst for 3 h at 500 °C under N2 atmosphere. Catalyst characterizations were conducted by measuring acidity with NH3 gas using gravimetric method and porosimetric analysis using N2 gas adsorption based on the BET equation by surface area analyzer instrument. The Nb2O5-ZAA catalyst was then used as an acid catalyst in free fatty acid esterification reaction of wasted cooking oil in methanol medium with variation of catalyst concentration: 1.25%; 2.5%; 3.75% and 5% towards the weight of oil+methanol. The reaction was continued by transesterification of triglyceride in the used cooking oil using NaOH catalyst in methanol medium. For comparison, the esterification reaction using H2SO4 catalyst 1.25% towards the weight of oil+methanol has been conducted as well. Methyl ester (biodiesel) product was analyzed using Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The characters of biodiesel were analyzed using American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) method. The results showed that modification of ZAA by impregning Nb2O5 3% (w/w) increased the total catalyst acidity from 5.00 mmol/g to 5.65 mmol/g. The Nb2O5-ZAA catalyst has specific surface area of 60.61 m2/g, total pore volume of 37.62x10-3 cc/g and average pore radius of 12.41 Å. The Nb2O5-ZAA catalyst with concentration of 1.25%-5% produced higher total conversion of biodiesel than that of H2SO4 catalyst 1.25%. The Nb2O5-ZAA catalyst with concentration of 3.75% produced the highest total conversion of biodiesel, i.e. 76.76 %. Based on the ASTM data analysis, the product has a qualification as diesel fuel.   Keywords: biodiesel, transesterification, natural zeolite, niobium catalyst

scholarly journals Hydrocracking of Coconut Oil on the NiO/Silica-Rich Zeolite Synthesized Using a Quaternary Ammonium Surfactant

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sriatun Sriatun ◽  
Heru Susanto ◽  
Widayat Widayat ◽  
Adi Darmawan
Keyword(s):  
Nickel Oxide ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Zeolite Catalysts ◽  
Wet Impregnation ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Gas Products ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants

NiO/silica-rich zeolite catalysts were used for coconut oil hydrocracking. The catalyst was prepared with a mixture of Na2SiO3, Al(OH)3, NaOH, and quaternary ammonium surfactants. The surfactant was varied of types like as tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPAB) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The acidity of the silica-rich sodalite zeolites enhances with the increase in nickel oxide added through a wet impregnation. The hydrocracking process was carried out by a semi-batch method. Liquid products were analyzed using GC-MS. The results showed that the addition of surfactants increased the catalyst surface area and acidity. Meanwhile, the presence of nickel oxide increases the acidity of the catalyst. The hydrocracking results showed an increase in gas products when the surface area was high, i.e., 23.781% in silica-rich sodalite zeolite without template (Z), 32.68% in silica-rich sodalite zeolite with tetrapropylammonium (ZTPA), and 39.673% in silica-rich sodalite zeolite with cetyltrimethylammonium (ZCTA). The presence of NiO increased the liquid product and the selectivity of the bioavtur fraction (C10-C15), where the highest percentage of liquid product was 60.07% at NiO/ZTPA.

Life Time Improvement of Hierarchically Structured SAPO-34 Nanocatalyst in MTO Reaction via Applying Clinoptilolite, Investigating of Composite Design via RSM

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Yazdanpanah ◽  
Eshagh Moradiyan ◽  
Rouein Halladj ◽  
Sima Askari
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
Coke Formation ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Light Olefins ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Relative Crystallinity ◽  
Mto Reaction ◽  
The Common

Aim and Objective: The research focuses on recent progress in the production of light olefins. Hence, the common catalyst of the reaction (SAPO-34) deactivates quickly because of coke formation, we reorganized the mechanism combining SAPO-34 with a natural zeolite in order to delay the deactivation time. Materials and Methods: The synthesis of nanocomposite catalyst was conducted hydrothermally using experimental design. Firstly, Clinoptilolite was modified using nitric acid in order to achieve nano scaled material. Then, the initial gel of the SAPO-34 was prepared using DEA, aluminum isopropoxide, phosphoric acid and TEOS as the organic template, sources of Aluminum, Phosphor, and Silicate, respectively. Finally, the modified zeolite was combined with SAPO-34's gel. Results: 20 different catalysts due to D-Optimal design were synthesized and the nanocomposite with 50 weight percent of SAPO-34, 4 hours Crystallization and early Clinoptilolite precipitation showed the highest relative crystallinity, partly high BET surface area and hierarchical structure. Conclusion: Different analysis illustrated the existence of both components. The most important property alteration of nanocomposite was the increment of pore mean diameters and reduction in pore volumes in comparison with free SAPO-34. Due to low price of Clinoptilolite, the new catalyst develops the economy of the process. Using this composite, according to formation of multi-sized pores located hierarchically on the surface of the catalyst and increased surface area, significant amounts of Ethylene and Propylene, in comparison with free SAPO-34, were produced, as well as deactivation time that was improved.

scholarly journals Preparation and Characterization of the Sulfur-Impregnated Natural Zeolite Clinoptilolite for Hg(II) Removal from Aqueous Solutions

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 217
Author(s):  
Marin Ugrina ◽  
Martin Gaberšek ◽  
Aleksandra Daković ◽  
Ivona Nuić
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Modification ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Liquid Ratio ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Solid Liquid

Sulfur-impregnated zeolite has been obtained from the natural zeolite clinoptilolite by chemical modification with Na2S at 150 °C. The purpose of zeolite impregnation was to enhance the sorption of Hg(II) from aqueous solutions. Chemical analysis, acid and basic properties determined by Bohem’s method, chemical behavior at different pHo values, zeta potential, cation-exchange capacity (CEC), specific surface area, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), as well as thermogravimetry with derivative thermogravimetry (TG-DTG) were used for detailed comparative mineralogical and physico-chemical characterization of natural and sulfur-impregnated zeolites. Results revealed that the surface of the natural zeolite was successfully impregnated with sulfur species in the form of FeS and CaS. Chemical modification caused an increase in basicity and the net negative surface charge due to an increase in oxygen-containing functional groups as well as a decrease in specific surface area and crystallinity due to the formation of sulfur-containing clusters at the zeolite surface. The sorption of Hg(II) species onto the sulfur-impregnated zeolite was affected by the pH, solid/liquid ratio, initial Hg(II) concentration, and contact time. The optimal sorption conditions were determined as pH 2, a solid/liquid ratio of 10 g/L, and a contact time of 800 min. The maximum obtained sorption capacity of the sulfur-impregnated zeolite toward Hg(II) was 1.02 mmol/g. The sorption mechanism of Hg(II) onto the sulfur-impregnated zeolite involves electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, and surface complexation, accompanied by co-precipitation of Hg(II) in the form of HgS. It was found that sulfur-impregnation enhanced the sorption of Hg(II) by 3.6 times compared to the natural zeolite. The leaching test indicated the retention of Hg(II) in the zeolite structure over a wide pH range, making this sulfur-impregnated sorbent a promising material for the remediation of a mercury-polluted environment.

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