scholarly journals Biodiesel Production from Waste Palm Oil Catalyzed by Hierarchical ZSM-5 Supported Calcium Oxide

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuf Muhammad Zein ◽  
Anil Kumar Anal ◽  
Didik Prasetyoko ◽  
Imroatul Qoniah
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Amount ◽  
Maximum Conversion ◽  
Astm D6751 ◽  
Methyl Ester Content

Biodiesel production from waste palm oil catalyzed by hierarchical ZSM-5 supported calcium oxide was studied. The activity of CaO increased after supported on h-ZSM-5 resulting an increase in conversion from 93.17% to 95.40%. A maximum conversion of 95.40% was achieved at 6 h reaction time, 3 wt.% catalyst amount, 12:1 methanol to oil molar ratio and 65 °C reaction temperature. The waste palm oil showed a high potential as a feedstock in biodiesel production in which there was no significant different in the conversion of fresh and waste palm oil. The properties of the obtained biodiesel required the limits of biodiesel specification according to ASTM D6751-08 and EN 14214 with the methyl ester content of 97.18%, the acid value of 0.24 mg KOH/g, the kinematic viscosity of 4.64 cSt and the density of 869.9 kg/m3.

Production of Biodiesel from Cooking Oil Using CaO Catalyst

2015 ◽  
Vol 1113 ◽  
pp. 518-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mardhiah Mohamad ◽  
Norzita Ngadi ◽  
Nurul Saadiah Lani
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Amount ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Transesterification Method ◽  
Percentage Conversion

Transesterification method was carried out in biodiesel production from cooking oil (CO). Calcium oxide (CaO) was selected as the best catalyst. This study investigated the effects of percentage conversion of oil to biodiesel from methanol to oil molar ratio and catalyst amount. Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) test method was used to analyze the surface area. The results obtained showed that using 200°C calcined CaO catalyst, 76.67 % biodiesel was successfully converted from oil. This indicates that the cooking oil (CO) has potential to become a future source of biodiesel. 0.5 w/w% catalyst dosages, 3:5 oil to methanol molar ratio and 65°C reaction temperature are the best condition for the biodiesel conversion from oil. This study also shows that conversion of cooking oil is significantly affected by methanol to oil molar ratio and catalyst amount.

Esterification of Waste Palm Oil in Wastewater Pond for Community Biodiesel Production

2014 ◽  
Vol 692 ◽  
pp. 133-138
Author(s):  
Athitan Timyamprasert ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon ◽  
Kasem Chunkao ◽  
Juan L. Silva ◽  
Tae Jo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Sulfuric Acid Concentration ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Methyl Ester Content

The aim of this research was to develop a two-step technique to prepare biodiesel from waste palm oil (WPO) with high free fatty acid content. The developed process consists of esterification and transesterification steps. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied for investigating the experimental design for esterification step. Design of experiment was performed by application of 5-levels-3-factors central composite design in order to study the optimum condition for decreasing FFA in WPO. The WPO with low FFA was further experimented in transesterification step to obtain fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The investigated results showed that the WPO containing 48.62%wt of high FFA. The optimum condition of esterification step was 28 moles of methanol to FFA in WPO molar ratio, 5.5% sulfuric acid concentration in 90 min of reaction time and 60 °C of reaction temperature. After transesterification step, WPO biodiesel gave methyl ester content at 84.05% according to EN 14103 method. The properties of WPO methyl ester meet the standards of Thailand community biodiesel that can be used as fuel in agricultural machine.

Optimization of Methyl Ester Production from Waste Palm Oil Using Activated Carbon Supported Calcium Oxide Catalyst

2018 ◽  
Vol 280 ◽  
pp. 346-352
Author(s):  
Zuraida Wan ◽  
Bassim H. Hameed ◽  
N. Mohammad Nor ◽  
Nur Alwani Ali Bashah
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Catalyst Amount ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Waste Cooking Palm Oil

In this study, methyl ester (ME) was produced by transesterification of waste cooking palm oil (WPO) using activated carbon supported calcium oxide as a solid base catalyst (CaO/AC). Process optimization using response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to study the effect of reaction time, molar ratio of methanol to oil, reaction temperature and catalyst amount to produce highest ME content. The optimum reaction condition was at 5.5 wt% catalyst amount, 170 °C temperature, 15:1 methanol to oil molar ratio and 2 h 22 min reaction time. The predicted and experimental ME content were found to be 80.02% and 77.32%, respectively.

scholarly journals Effect of Process Variables on the Transesterification Process of Palm Oil Sludge to Biodiesel

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
O. A. Aworanti ◽  
A. O. Ajani ◽  
S. E. Agarry ◽  
K. A. Babatunde ◽  
O. D. Akinwunmi
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Oil Sludge ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Process Variables

In this research work, the optimum process variables (catalyst, methanol to oil ratio and reaction time) for transesterification of palm oil sludge (POS) to biodiesel were studied. The transesterification process was carried by mixture of palm oil sludge, methanol and catalyst with the help of magnetic stirrer at 300 rpm and at temperature of 60ºC. The catalyst used for the process was potassium hydroxide (KOH). One-Factor-at-A-Time was used to select the possible optimum levels of process variable that gives high biodiesel yield. The study was evaluated by five levels  of methanol-to-oil ratio (1:1 – 12:1), catalyst (0.1- 2%) and reaction time (30 – 150 min).The optimum process variables for transesterification of palm oil sludge (POS) to achieved maximum biodiesel yield  were found to be methanol to oil molar ratio of 12:1, catalyst loading of 1.5wt% and reaction time of 30 min. At this optimum conditions the maximum biodiesel yield was 61.2%. The biodiesel produced from transesterification of palm oil sludge was characterized in order to determine the properties of the product. The density of POS is 857.0 kg/m3, kinematic viscosity of 5.38 mm2/s, flash point of 180°C, pour point of -5°C, and Acid value of 0.17 mgKOH/g. The biodiesel produced from transesterification of palm oil sludge meets the EN 14214 and ASTM 6751 standard. Thus, this study will be helpful to determine an efficient and economical procedure for biodiesel production from non-edible raw materials with high free fatty acid.

scholarly journals Multi-Feedstocks Biodiesel Production from Esterification of Calophyllum inophyllum Oil, Castor Oil, Palm Oil and Waste Cooking Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-123
Author(s):  
H Hadiyanto ◽  
Apsari Puspita Aini ◽  
Widayat Widayat ◽  
Kusmiyati Kusmiyati ◽  
Arief Budiman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Calophyllum Inophyllum ◽  
Cooking Oil

Biodiesel can be produced from various vegetable oils and animal fat. Abundant sources of vegetable oil in Indonesia, such as Calophyllum inophyllum, Ricinus communis, palm oil, and waste cooking oil, were used as raw materials. Multi-feedstock biodiesel was used to increase the flexibility operation of biodiesel production. This study was conducted to determine the effect of a combination of vegetable oils on biodiesel characteristics. Degumming and two steps of esterification were applied for high free fatty acid feedstock before trans-esterification in combination with other vegetable oils. Potassium hydroxide was used as a homogenous catalyst and methanol as another raw material. The acid value of C. inophyllum decreased from 54 mg KOH/gr oil to 2.15 mg KOH/gr oil after two steps of esterification. Biodiesel yield from multi-feedstock was 87.926% with a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 6:1, temperature of 60 ℃, and catalyst of 1%wt. ©2020. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved

scholarly journals MICROWAVE IRRADIATION AS AN ALTERNATIVE PROCESS FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION USING MACAUBA OIL (Acrocomia aculeata)

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 034-046
Author(s):  
Marcos Roberto Do Nascimento Pereira ◽  
Pedro Prates Valério ◽  
Salvador Carlos Grande ◽  
Maria Helena Caño de Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Irradiation ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Palm Tree ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Productive Potential

Macauba is an oleaginous palm tree widely found in Brazil. Its productive potential can reach 6000 kg of oil per hectare. In this study, crude vegetable oil was mechanically extracted from the mesocarp (pulp) of fresh Macauba fruit and subjected to physical-chemical determinations to analyse the following parameters: acid value, moisture content and kinematic viscosity. The results strongly indicate that Macauba palm oil is an alternative source of raw material for biodiesel production. Furthermore, concerning fatty acid composition, a predominance of unsaturated compounds was noted (75.92%) of which 63.21% are oleic acid, and 9.21% are linoleic acid. In this context, to produce ethyl esters, Macauba palm oil was subjected to alkaline transesterification by homogeneous catalysis, with microwave irradiation being applied to the heating step. The results indicated a conversion rate of 96.6%, for a molar ratio ethanol/oil of 12:1, a catalyst concentration equal to 1.0 wt% (KOH) and a reaction time equal to 60 seconds.

Treatment of acidic palm oil for fatty acid methyl esters production

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeeb Hayyan ◽  
Farouq Mjalli ◽  
Mohamed Mirghani ◽  
Mohd Hashim ◽  
Maan Hayyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Stage Process

AbstractAcidic crude palm oil (ACPO) produced from palm oil mills with an acid value of 18 mg g−1 was considered to be a possible feedstock for biodiesel production. Due to its high acidity, conventional transesterification cannot be applied directly for biodiesel production. Methane sulphonic acid (MSA, CH3SO3H) is used to reduce the acidity prior to the alkaline transesterification reaction. The laboratory-scale experiments involved an MSA to ACPO dosage of 0.25–3.5 %, a molar ratio (methanol to ACPO) from 4: 1 to 20: 1, reaction temperature of 40–80°C, reaction time of 3–150 min, and stirrer speed of 100–500 min−1. The optimum esterification reaction conditions were 1 % of catalyst to ACPO, with a molar ratio of methanol to ACPO of 8: 1, a stirring speed of 300 min−1, for 30 min and at 60°C. Under these conditions, the FFA content was reduced from 18 mg g−1 to less than 1 mg g−1 and with a yield of 96 %. The biodiesel produced met the EN14214 standard specifications. MSA was recycled for three times without losing its activity. The biodiesel produced in a two-stage process has a low acid value (0.14 mg g−1).

scholarly journals Synthesis of Calcium Oxide from River Snail Shell as a Catalyst in Production of Biodiesel

2019 ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sasiprapha Kaewdaeng ◽  
Rotjapun Nirunsin
Keyword(s):  
Calcination Temperature ◽  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Snail Shell ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Calcination Temperatures

This research studied synthesis of calcium oxide from river snail shells by calcination at 700,800 and 900 °C for 4 h, and its subsequent use as a catalyst for biodiesel production. The calciumoxide fraction in calcined river snail shell was analyzed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRF result showed calciumoxide levels of 59.499 %, 70.113 % and 73.88 1%, respectively, at corresponding calcination temperatures of 700, 800 and 900 °C. The SEMimages revealed porous, rough, and fragile surfaces which became agglomerated at elevated temperatures. The calcium oxide obtained from each calcination temperature was utilized as a catalyst in production of biodiesel. The process usedwaste cooking oil and methanol in a molar ratio of 6:1, reaction temperature 60-65 ̊C for 3 h and 1- 3 % by weight of catalysts. The transesterification reaction using calcined river snailshell as catalyst was compared at three temperature ranges. They results revealed that a calcination temperature of 800 ºC, a catalyst amount of 1 % resulted in maximum biodiesel yield, at 95.91 %. The properties of biodiesel, flash point, heat of combustion, acid value and methyl ester contentwere analyzed. The results found biodiesel from this research was qualified according to the standards of the Department of Energy Business. In conclusion, river snail shell is considered effective as a source of calcium oxide catalyst for commercial biodiesel production in the future.

HETEROGENEOUS TRANSESTERIFICATION OF RUBBER SEED OIL BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (6-10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahanum Mohd Zamberi ◽  
Farid Nasir Ani ◽  
Mohd Fadzli Abdollah
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Characterization ◽  
Rubber Seed Oil ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Astm D6751 ◽  
Central Composite ◽  
Very High

An experimental investigation was conducted to explore the effects of using waste cockle shells as a heterogeneous catalyst on the transesterification process of very high free fatty acid (FFA) rubber seeds oil with methanol. The waste cockle was calcined at 900oC for 4 hours and was employed as a source of calcium oxide (CaO). SEM, XRD and XRF were adopted to analyze the catalyst characterization. The process variables namely oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration and reaction time were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) method. The optimum yield of 88.06% was obtained for the final product of biodiesel with optimal conditions was obtained as: molar ratio of methanol to oil of around 15.57:1, 9 % catalyst weight percentage with 2.81 hours reaction time. All the fuel properties were analyzed according to the ASTM D6751 and EN-14214 standards in terms of viscosity, acid value, density and flash point.

Calcium Methoxide Synthesis from Quick Lime Using as Solid Catalyst in Refined Palm Oil Biodiesel Production

2013 ◽  
Vol 834-836 ◽  
pp. 550-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warakom Suwanthai ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon ◽  
Pilanee Vaithanomsat
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Quick Lime ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Refined Palm Oil

In this research, calcium methoxide was synthesized as solid base catalyst from quick lime for biodiesel production. The catalyst was further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflection fourier transform (ATR-FTIR) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopies (EDX) to evaluate its performance. The transesterification of refined palm oil using calcium methoxide and the process parameters affecting the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content such as catalyst concentration, methanol:oil molar ratio and reaction time were investigated. The results showed that the FAME content at 97% was achieved within 3 h using 3 %wt catalyst loading, 12:1 methanol:oil molar ratio and 65 °C reaction temperature. The result of FAME suggested calcium methoxide was the promising solid catalyst for substitution of the conventional liquid catalyst.

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