scholarly journals Analisis Penggunaan Alat Mesin Pertanian Berbasis Traktor Tangan pada Kegiatan Perawatan Budidaya Tebu

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deddy Purwantoro ◽  
Trikuntari Dianpratiwi ◽  
Sri Markumningsih
Keyword(s):  
Growth Period ◽  
Farm Labor ◽  
Sugar Production ◽  
Operational Cost ◽  
The Past ◽  
Bud Emergence ◽  
Crop Area ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Agricultural Machines ◽  
Confidence Rate

Java contributes 63.7% of national sugar production, in which 55.6% is produced by the farmer from 312,973 ha of sugarcane area (65.6% of Indonesia’s cane crop area). Farm labor in Java was very limited in the past two decades, so was needed mechanization. Howeveer, the size of agricultural machines were not accordance with the size of land, the limited of spares, and was not optimally managed. This research aimed to calculate operational cost of farm machinery (hand tractor) on the cane cultivation activities up to 6-month cane growth period. This study was carried out at Comal, Center of Java at alluvial land 8 mdpl and at Pasuruan, East Java at alluvial 10 mdpl. From each location, 2 plots of 0.1 ha were observed. The treatments were manual and machine cultivation with 3 replications. The observed agrotechnical parameters were the bud emergence, number of stalk, clump, stalk height and diameter, and operational cost of using machinery. The agrotechnical result using t-test (95% confidence rate) showed no significance among treatments. Other results revealed that using machinery for fertilizing, soil heaping up, and soil moving (gulud) in Pasuruan can substitute manual daily worker (HOK) for 6 HOK, 12 HOK and 20 HOK, respectively, using tractor by 7 hours/day. Meanwhile in Comal, using machinery for fertilizing, soil heaping up, and soil hilling up (gulud) can substitute manual daily worker (HOK) for 9 HOK, 16 HOK, and 20 HOK, respectively. The cost analysis indicated the 35.54% reduction of using machinery compared to the manual expense. This study revealed that the machinery could substitute the manual worker for cane cultivation.

scholarly journals PROSPEK PENGEMBANGAN MESIN TANAM PINDAH BIBIT PADI DALAM RANGKA MENGATASI KELANGKAAN TENAGA KERJA TANAM BIBIT PADI

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Tota Suhendrata
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Rice Seedling ◽  
Farm Labor ◽  
Technology Change ◽  
Operational Cost ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Business Services ◽  
Financial Feasibility ◽  
The Cost

Farm  labor  scarcity  could  delay  planting  time  and  not  simultaneously planting,  so  that  it  has  influence  to  the  index  of  rice  planting,  OPT’s  disturbance which eventually affects to rice production. This condition requires the presence of the rice seedling  planting machines, one of those is rice transplanter. This research aims to find out the technical and financial feasibility of rice transplanter viewed from business  services  and  farming  utilizing  rice  transplanter.  The  application  of  rice transplanter,  was carried out in Somomorodukuh village, Plupuh sub district, Sragen district  in  MT-1  2012/2013.  The  collected  data  includes  the  performance  and  the operational  cost  of  rice  transplanter,  paddy  productivity  as  well  as  the  cost  of  rice farming’s.  For  finding  out  the  financial  feasibility  of  rice  transplanter’s  business services, it was used Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), BenefitCost Ratio (B/C) and Pay Back Periode (PP) analysis. To find out the feasibility of planting technology change, it was used Losses and Gains analysis. The result shows that (1) the use of rice transplanter can help solve the problem of farm labor scarcity, (2) the business service of rice transplanter is feasible to run and to develop widely with NPV=Rp22.4 millions, IRR=59.59%, B/C=1.26 and PP=2.42 years, (3) planting using rice transplanter can increase income as much as  Rp2,690,000/ha/season with marginal B/C as much as 23.42, so that it’s worth to widely be implemented, and (4) the use of rice transplanter can benefit both sides, namely the owner and the farmer.

Measuring the cost of environmental compliance for Waikato dairy farmers - a survey approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 159-166
Author(s):  
T.O.R. Macdonald ◽  
J.S. Rowarth ◽  
F.G. Scrimgeour
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Environmental Compliance ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Farm Systems ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Farm System ◽  
Survey Approach

The link between dairy farm systems and cost of environmental compliance is not always clear. A survey of Waikato dairy farmers was conducted to establish the real (non-modelled) cost of compliance with environmental regulation in the region. Quantitative and qualitative data were gathered to improve understanding of compliance costs and implementation issues for a range of Waikato farm systems. The average oneoff capital cost of compliance determined through a survey approach was $1.02 per kg milksolids, $1490 per hectare and $403 per cow. Costs experienced by Waikato farmers have exceeded average economic farm surplus for the region in the past 5 years. As regulation increases there are efficiencies to be gained through implementing farm infrastructure and farm management practice to best match farm system intensity. Keywords: Dairy, compliance, farm systems, nitrogen, Waikato

Attraction of prey

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Horner ◽  
Bartosz J. Płachno ◽  
Ulrike Bauer ◽  
Bruno Di Giusto
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Synergistic Action ◽  
Carnivorous Plants ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Acoustic Cues ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Prey Attraction

The ability to attract prey has long been considered a universal trait of carnivorous plants. We review studies from the past 25 years that have investigated the mechanisms by which carnivorous plants attract prey to their traps. Potential attractants include nectar, visual, olfactory, and acoustic cues. Each of these has been well documented to be effective in various species, but prey attraction is not ubiquitous among carnivorous plants. Directions for future research, especially in native habitats in the field, include: the qualitative and quantitative analysis of visual cues, volatiles, and nectar; temporal changes in attractants; synergistic action of combinations of attractants; the cost of attractants; and responses to putative attractants in electroantennograms and insect behavioral tests.

Are Apprenticeships Still Relevant in the 21st Century? A Case Study of Changing Youth Training Arrangements in German Banks

ILR Review ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Finegold ◽  
Karin Wagner
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
New Firms ◽  
Workplace Flexibility ◽  
Transferable Skills ◽  
The Past ◽  
Detailed Case ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Youth Training

The authors present a detailed case study of the evolution of apprenticeships in German banking over the past two decades to analyze why employers continue to be willing to invest in these programs that provide workers with transferable skills. They explain employers' motivation in terms of two “logics.” Some considerations stemming from the logic of consequences, such as recruitment cost savings and enhanced workplace flexibility, encourage retention of the apprenticeship system. On balance, however, the cost calculus that is at the heart of the logic of consequences would, if unopposed, encourage head-hunting for apprentices trained by other firms, eventually undermining the system. The countervailing logic of appropriateness, however, discourages defections from the system by fostering trust among employers, encouraging new firms to participate in the system, supporting the strong reputational effect associated with training, and creating mechanisms with which banks can have a hand in keeping the system efficient.

Acute Medicine Trainee Update

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-149
Author(s):  
Amy Daniel ◽  
◽  
Alice Miller ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Advisory Committee ◽  
Skill Training ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
Acute Medicine ◽  
The Past ◽  
Training Programme Director ◽  
The Cost

We have been aware for a while that there are disparities in specialist skill provision both between and within deaneries – and the SAC is working hard to identify problems in this area. More recently, the issue of funding for specialist skills has been raised. It seems that some deaneries are happy and able to contribute towards the cost of training in a particular skill, while others are not; in at least one deanery, part-funding has now been withdrawn, leaving trainees to cover the entire cost of their chosen skills training. As specialist skill training is now a mandatory part of the Acute Medicine curriculum, we need to find a way to eliminate disparity both between different deaneries and between different skills. However, there is no easy solution, and for the time being, trainees will have to factor in the potential financial implications of a particular skill when they are considering their options. On a brighter note, the list of recognised specialist skills has increased over the past year. Palliative Care has been authorised as a suitable skill, and Medical Ethics and Law will soon also be added to the list. If you would like to propose a skill that is not currently listed in the Acute Medicine curriculum, you should discuss it with your training programme director, who can bring the proposal to the Acute Medicine Specialty Advisory Committee (SAC).

Estimating the cost of pure cybercrime to Australian individuals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Coen Teunissen ◽  
Isabella Voce
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
The Other ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Australian Population ◽  
Probability Sampling ◽  
The Past ◽  
Online Panels ◽  
The Cost

This report estimates the cost of pure cybercrime to individuals in Australia in 2019. A survey was administered to a sample of 11,840 adults drawn from two online panels—one using probability sampling and the other non-probability sampling—with the resulting data weighted to better reflect the distribution of the wider Australian population. Thirty-four percent of respondents had experienced some form of pure cybercrime, with 14 percent being victimised in the last 12 months. This is equivalent to nearly 6.7 million Australian adults having ever been the victim of pure cybercrime, and 2.8 million Australians being victimised in the past year. Drawing on these population estimates, the total economic impact of pure cybercrime in 2019 was approximately $3.5b. This encompasses $1.9b in money directly lost by victims, $597m spent dealing with the consequences of victimisation, and $1.4b spent on prevention costs. Victims recovered $389m.

scholarly journals The Perceptual and Cognitive Processes That Govern Egg Rejection in Hosts of Avian Brood Parasites

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Hanley ◽  
Samantha L. Rutledge ◽  
Juliana Villa
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Null Model ◽  
Egg Rejection ◽  
Egg Recognition ◽  
Brood Parasites ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Receptor Noise

Hosts of avian brood parasites are under intense selective pressure to prevent or reduce the cost of parasitism. Many have evolved refined egg discrimination abilities, which can select for eggshell mimicry in their parasite. A classic assumption underlying these coevolutionary dynamics is that host egg recognition depends on the perceivable difference between their own eggs and those of their parasite. Over the past two decades, the receptor noise-limited (RNL) model has contributed to our understanding of these coevolutionary interactions by providing researchers a method to predict a host’s ability to discriminate a parasite’s egg from its own. Recent research has shown that some hosts are more likely to reject brown eggs than blue eggs, regardless of the perceived differences to their own. Such responses suggest that host egg recognition may be due to perceptual or cognitive processes not currently predictable by the RNL model. In this perspective, we discuss the potential value of using the RNL model as a null model to explore alternative perceptual processes and higher-order cognitive processes that could explain how and why some hosts make seemingly counter-intuitive decisions. Further, we outline experiments that should be fruitful for determining the perceptual and cognitive processing used by hosts for egg recognition tasks.

scholarly journals SURVEY TECHNIQUES/PROCEDURES AND DATA PROCESSING FOR MONITORING NEARSHORE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

1982 ◽  
Vol 1 (18) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
J. Zacks
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Surf Zone ◽  
Survey Techniques ◽  
The Past ◽  
Bed Elevation ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
Survey Error ◽  
Nearshore Sediment Transport ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Cost

The cost of many coastal projects is often increased by the expensive beach repair and maintenance required to remedy the destabilising effects of structures on the adjoining coastline. Physical and/or mathematical models have been developed for use in planning these projects in order to predict and quantify the effects of marine sediment transport on the coastal topography. Such models need to be calibrated against prototype data and one method of gauging volumetric sediment movement is by successive bathymetric/ topographic profiting surveys which are performed seasonally and annually. Since large quantities of sediment are related to small changes in bed elevation it is clear that this profiling needs to be done with the utmost precision* The areas most affected extend from the beach through the surf zone to water depths of about 25 metres. The surf zone in particular is a dynamic and hostile area which falls outside the traditional activities of both the hydrographic and land surveyors. Consequently innovative methods, deficient in sound survey principle and practice, have often been pursued in this area without any attempt being made to assess the tolerance on the data. This paper attempts to show that it is possible to produce reliable and verifiable results to the required accuracy by using conventional survey equipment and techniques, also by taking the necessary precautions against the many possible sources of survey error. The procedures and techniques described have evolved from NRIO's involvement over the past decade in major projects at Richards Bay, Durban, Koeberg and in False Bay. The results of a recent verification investigation are fully reported in this paper.

scholarly journals Managing raptors to reduce wildlife strikes at Chicago’s O’Hare International Airport

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig K. Pullins ◽  
Travis L. Guerrant ◽  
Scott F. Beckerman ◽  
Brian E. Washburn
Keyword(s):  
Significant Risk ◽  
Federal Aviation Administration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
International Airport ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wildlife Damage Management ◽  
Wildlife Populations ◽  
The Cost

Nationally, wildlife-aircraft collisions (wildlife strikes) have been increasing over the past 25 years; denoted in the National Wildlife Strike Database that has been maintained by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) since 1990. Increasing wildlife populations and air traffic coupled with quieter, faster aircraft create a significant risk to aviation safety; the cost to the civil aviation industry is an estimated $937 million dollars annually. USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services (WS) provides technical and direct assistance to over 850 airports and airbases around the United States, including Chicago’s O’Hare International Airport (ORD). At ORD, raptors are one of the most commonly struck bird guild and accounted for at least 25% of damaging strikes from 2010-2013. An Integrated Wildlife Damage Management (IWDM) program is implemented at ORD to reduce the presence of wildlife on the airfield, consequently lowering the risk of wildlife strikes. Professional airport wildlife biologists at ORD concentrate much of their efforts on raptor management due to the high strike risk these birds pose to aircraft on the airfield itself. A variety of techniques are currently used to manage raptor populations at ORD. Concurrently, research is being conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the Red-tailed Hawk relocation program at the airport, as well as to assess their movements within the airfield environment.

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