scholarly journals “As If Augustine Had Said”: Textual Interpretation and Augustinian Ambiguity in a Medieval Debate on Predestination

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Smith
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Century ◽  
Saint Augustine ◽  
Eternal Life ◽  
Augustine Of Hippo ◽  
Textual Interpretation ◽  
Church Father ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
As If

In ninth century Francia, a rebellious monk named Gottschalk of Orbais (808-868) ardently defended his theory of divine predestination, much to the vexation of the Frankish Church, whose leaders eventually denounced him as heretical and imprisoned him for the remainder of his life. In an effort to disprove Gottschalk, his perhaps most prominent opponent, Hincmar, Archbishop of Reims (806-882), frequently cited elements of ecclesiastical tradition in an attempt to show that western Catholic orthodoxy opposed the theory of predestination that Gottschalk espoused. While most scholars have analyzed Hincmar’s writings by focusing on his citation of the patristic church father Saint Augustine of Hippo (354-430), such an approach ignores the problematic nature of Augustine’s stance on predestination, which was largely ambiguous, hence the ability of both Gottschalk and Hincmar to reference his writings as proof of their argument. While Augustine at times limited his stance to merely suggesting that God had bestowed eternal life on some individuals, at other times he was more explicit, defining predestination in terms of a twofold decree of salvation for some and damnation for others. Such ambiguity created a nebulous definition of predestination by the time of the ninth century controversy and allowed Gottschalk to weaken Hincmar’s arguments by likewise citing Augustine to support his own assertions. This in turn forced Hincmar to extend his arsenal of ecclesiastical tradition beyond citation of Augustine in order to refute Gottschalk. This paper reevaluates a sample of Hincmar’s writings in the 840s and 850s to argue that he sought to make explicit what Augustine had left unclear regarding predestination by appealing to common standards of orthodoxy in the forms of additional patristic authors, conciliar judgments, and liturgical practices. This analysis reveals both the prominence of ambiguity in ninth-century predestination thought as well as the role of ecclesiastical tradition in forming medieval views on orthodoxy, however fluid such a label remained.

scholarly journals KESENJANGAN GENDER DITINJAU DARI PERSPEKTIF ISLAM

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Mutmainnah Mutmainnah
Keyword(s):  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Roles And Responsibilities ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Made In ◽  
As If

The terms gender and sex are often overlapped. The term sex in our society is often used in a dual sense. One of the factors that influence the occurrence of gender disparities is due to the variety of interpretations of the definition of gender itself. Often gender is equated with sex (sex), and the division of roles and responsibilities of each has been made in such a way and passed from year to year even from century to century, even the role of gender by society is then believed as if it was God's nature.

scholarly journals THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM IN THE MAJORITY STATE (184296AH/800909AD) HISTORICAL STUDY ‎

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (08) ◽  
pp. 375-386
Author(s):  
Wafaa Ahmed MUSTAFA‎
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Century ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Judicial System ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
The Third ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Islamic Civilization

Since the end of the second century AH-AD eighth century AD the ‎Islamic Maghreb witnessed the establishment of in dependent states in ‎all its parts in the lower Morocco the Aghlabid state was established and ‎the sons of Aghlabid were from an ancient Family that ruled Africa ‎throughout the third AH-ninth century AD founded by Ibrahim bin AI-‎Aghlab bin Salem AI- Tamimi who was confirmed by the year 184AH-‎‎800AD the pages of this research have been included within the ‎framework of the study of Islamic systems as they are among the most ‎important systems that contributed to building Islamic civilization as well ‎as providing security and achieving just and equality between the states ‎and peoples of the Islamic Maghreb so that the Islamic state knew its ‎security by the strength of its judicial is considered one of the most ‎prominent purpose of Islamic Sharia and the first goal that the rulers of ‎states seek to implement and to know the most prominent various ‎organization as well as the role of judges and the approach they ‎followed in applying the provisions of this system and what are its ‎legitimacy and conditions for its assumption the research is divided into ‎three main axes the first included the definition of the judiciary ‎linguistically and idiomatically and the emergence and development of ‎the judiciary in the majority state AS for the second axis it referred to the ‎appointment and dismissal of judges as well as their assistants while the ‎third axis talked about the institution of the majority judiciary which ‎included grievances the calculation and the police and the research came ‎out with a sent of important conclusions‎‎‎. Keywords: The Judiciary, The Aghlabids, The Lower Morocco‎.

scholarly journals THE ISSUE OF THE RELIGIOUS DIMENSION OF HUMAN NATURE

10.23856/3705 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 54-62
Author(s):  
Jan Mazur ◽  
Abraham Kome
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Saint Augustine ◽  
Max Scheler ◽  
Augustine Of Hippo ◽  
Jean Paul ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Transcendent Reality ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Religious Nature

This text is an attempt to answer the question of whether human nature needs religion. The author begins by presenting two concepts that are key in this discourse. These are the terms: religion and human nature. Then he undertakes an analysis of the problem, referring to the thoughts of religious experts: Rudolf Otto and Mircea Eliade and the philosopher Max Scheler. The subject of reflection is the definition of man as 'homo religiosus'. Questioning God's existence has a negative effect on human nature. This situation is illustrated by the views of two known philosophers, existentialists - Friedrich Nietzsche and Jean-Paul Sartre. Their vision of the world was marked by unbelief in God. Life experience teaches that human nature strives for transcendent reality, longs for God. Any departure from this tendency does not, however, invalidate the religious nature of man, but certainly falsifies it. It results in the conversion of an authentic sacrum into its substitutes. In conclusion, the author draws attention to the mystery of man and God, which should be recognized. It is only in this perspective that the problem indicated in the title can be considered. The inspiration for such thinking is the famous phrase of Saint Augustine of Hippo: 'The human soul is restless until it rests in God'.

Challenges of Fear Conditioning Research in the Age of RDoC

2017 ◽  
Vol 225 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina B. Lonsdorf ◽  
Jan Richter
Keyword(s):  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Research Domain Criteria ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
The Future ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Research Domain

Abstract. As the criticism of the definition of the phenotype (i.e., clinical diagnosis) represents the major focus of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative, it is somewhat surprising that discussions have not yet focused more on specific conceptual and procedural considerations of the suggested RDoC constructs, sub-constructs, and associated paradigms. We argue that we need more precise thinking as well as a conceptual and methodological discussion of RDoC domains and constructs, their interrelationships as well as their experimental operationalization and nomenclature. The present work is intended to start such a debate using fear conditioning as an example. Thereby, we aim to provide thought-provoking impulses on the role of fear conditioning in the age of RDoC as well as conceptual and methodological considerations and suggestions to guide RDoC-based fear conditioning research in the future.

Business Model Literature Overview

2014 ◽  
pp. 79-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ales Novak
Keyword(s):  
Business Model ◽  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Financial Instruments ◽  
Business Logic ◽  
Literature Overview ◽  
Ifrs 9 ◽  
Definition Of

The term ?business model' has recently attracted increased attention in the context of financial reporting and was formally introduced into the IFRS literature when IFRS 9 Financial Instruments was published in November 2009. However, IFRS 9 did not fully define the term ‘business model'. Furthermore, the literature on business models is quite diverse. It has been conducted in largely isolated fashion; therefore, no generally accepted definition of ?business model' has emerged. Therefore, a better understanding of the notion itself should be developed before further investigating its potential role within financial reporting. The aim of this paper is to highlight some of the perceived key themes and to identify other bases for grouping/organizing the literature based on business models. The contributions this paper makes to the literature are twofold: first, it complements previous review papers on business models; second, it contains a clear position on the distinction between the notions of the business model and strategy, which many authors identify as a key element in better explaining and communicating the notion of the business model. In this author's opinion, the term ‘strategy' is a dynamic and forward-looking notion, a sort of directional roadmap for future courses of action, whereas, ‘business model' is a more static notion, reflecting the conceptualisation of the company's underlying core business logic. The conclusion contains the author's thoughts on the role of the business model in financial reporting.

The Role of Moral Education on the Dress Code in the Higher Learning Institution

Sains Insani ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-14
Author(s):  
Ira Meilita Ibrahim ◽  
Taufik A. Latif ◽  
Afi Roshezry Abu Bakar ◽  
Muthualagan Thangavelu
Keyword(s):  
Moral Education ◽  
Private University ◽  
Public University ◽  
Higher Learning ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Dress Code ◽  
Institutions Of Higher Learning ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of

The advancement of European dress to the rest of the world was linked to the definition of civilization as “a stage of social development considered to be more advanced” and “polite and good-mannered”. The widespread of their fashion style in the 19th and 20th centuries influenced the way the rest of the world attire. The fashion trend and dressing style thus change the purpose of dressing through time. The dressing style in campuses especially in private institutions of higher learning is under particular scrutiny, as it is often said to be inappropriate for a learning environment. This study looked at the importance of moral education, and its role in implementing the dress code for students among university students especially between two types of university i.e. public university and private university. It looked on the dressing style of students, both male and female, and the factors that lead to their dressing pattern which is common among students. This study also advocated the students’ understanding of the content of dress codes in their learning institution and the role played by moral education in regard to dress code. The overall study highlighted students’ perception towards the implementation of the dress code and punishment in their learning institution. The methodologies used to carry out this study are questionnaires and interviews. This study will therefore ascertain the important of dress code among students at higher learning institution and the role of moral education in cultivating values in order to dress properly or decently. Key Words: moral education, dress code, higher learning institution, civilization.

From Container to Claustrum: Projective Identification in Couples

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Projective Identification ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intimate Partners ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
As If

This paper is a contribution to the growing literature on the role of projective identification in understanding couples' dynamics. Projective identification as a defence is well suited to couples, as intimate partners provide an ideal location to deposit unwanted parts of the self. This paper illustrates how projective identification functions differently depending on the psychological health of the couple. It elucidates how healthier couples use projective identification more as a form of communication, whereas disturbed couples are inclined to employ it to invade and control the other, as captured by Meltzer's concept of "intrusive identification". These different uses of projective identification affect couples' capacities to provide what Bion called "containment". In disturbed couples, partners serve as what Meltzer termed "claustrums" whereby projections are not contained, but imprisoned or entombed in the other. Applying the concept of claustrum helps illuminate common feelings these couples express, such as feeling suffocated, stifled, trapped, held hostage, or feeling as if the relationship is killing them. Finally, this paper presents treatment challenges in working with more disturbed couples.

Perempuan dan Liminalitas dalam Tradisi Perkawinan Adat di Timor Tengah Selatan

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Marsel Eliaser Liunokas
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Qualitative Research Method ◽  
South Central ◽  
A Value ◽  
Traditional Marriage ◽  
The Village ◽  
As If

Timorese culture is patriarchal in that men are more dominant than women. As if women were not considered in traditional rituals so that an understanding was built that valued women lower than men. However, in contrast to the article to be studied, this would like to see the priority of women’s roles in traditional marriages in Belle village, South Central Timor. The role of women wiil be seen from giving awards to their parents called puah mnasi manu mnasi. This paper aims to look at the meaning of the rituals of puah mnasi maun mnasi and the role and strengths that women have in traditional marriage rituals in the village of Belle, South Central Timor. The method used for this research is a qualitative research method using interview techniques with a number of people in the Belle Villa community and literature study to strengthen this writing. Based on the data obtained this paper shows that the adat rituals of puah mnasi manu mnasi provide a value that can be learned, namely respect for women, togetherness between the two families, and brotherhood that is intertwined due to customary marital affrairs.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document