scholarly journals Higher alkyl sulfatase activity required by microbial inhabitants to remove anionic surfactants in the contaminated surface waters

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (9) ◽  
pp. 2357-2366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bulent Icgen ◽  
Salih Batuhan Salik ◽  
Lale Goksu ◽  
Huseyin Ulusoy ◽  
Fadime Yilmaz
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Anionic Surfactants ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Enrichment Culture ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Culture Technique ◽  
Native Page ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Sulfatase Activity

Abstract Biodegradation of anionic surfactants, like sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) are challenged by some bacteria through the function of the enzyme alkyl sulfatases. Therefore, identifying and characterizing bacteria capable of degrading SDS with high alkyl sulfatase enzyme activity are pivotal. In this study, bacteria isolated from surfactant contaminated river water were screened for their potential to degrade SDS. Primary screening carried out by the conventional enrichment culture technique and assessment of SDS-degrading ability through methylene blue active substance assay revealed 12, out of 290, SDS-degrading surface water bacteria with maximum SDS degrading abilities of 46–94% in 24–54 h. The isolates exhibited optimum growth at SDS concentration of 1 g/L, but tolerated up to 15–75 g/L. Eleven isolates were identified as the species of Pseudomonas and one isolate was identified as Aeromonas through 16S rRNA sequencing. Proteolytic activity of alkyl sulfatases in the identified isolates was shown by using native-PAGE analysis. The determined enzyme activities changed in between 1.32 and 2.90 U/mg in the crude extracts. Preliminary experiments showed that the isolates with the alkyl sulfatase enzyme activities ≥2.50 U/mg were strong gratuitous degraders. However, their relative importance in soil, sewage, and wastewater treatment plants remains to be assessed.

Viruses and Water: Problems, Detection, and Control

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 127-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Dizer ◽  
J. Dürkop ◽  
A. Grohmann ◽  
H. Kopecka ◽  
J. M. López-Pila
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Water Problems

Secondary effluent of wastewater treatment plants contains a high number of viruses and other pathogens, which pose a health risk to the population, (especially when receiv ng waters are used for bathing and swimming, or for growing shellfish. In areas with a high density of population, where drinking water supply is dependent on surface waters and contaminated rivers are the primary source of drinking water, failure of the filtration or of the disinfection step, or of any other “barriers” supposed to warrant safe potable water, will increase the risk of health hazard for the consumer. We have compared the efficiency of viral elimination in secondary effluent by flocculation, uv rradiation and membrane filtration taking naturally occurring, or additionally seeded f2 phages, as indicator for viruses. Flocculation decreased the number of phages present in secondary effluent by more than two logs. If combined with uv irradiation, the elimination reached five additional logs. Membrane filtration eliminated essentially all naturally occurring phages. Improvement of the quality of surface waters calls for a refinement of detection methods for viruses. We have found that the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) might be used for detecting viruses in surface waters.

Ammonia removal in a pilot-scale WSP complex in Northeast Brazil

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Soares ◽  
S. A. Silva ◽  
R. de Oliveira ◽  
A. L. C. Araujo ◽  
D. D. Mara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Ammonia Removal ◽  
Northeast Brazil ◽  
Environmental Legislation ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
High Degree

Ammonia removal was monitored in a waste stabilisation pond complex comprising ponds of different geometries and depths under two different operational regimes. It was found that a high degree of ammonia removal commenced in the secondary maturation ponds, with the highest removals occurring in the shallowest ponds as a consequence of improved aerobic conditions. The tertiary maturation ponds produced effluents with mean ammonia concentrations of < 5 mg N/l, the maximum permitted recommended by Brazilian environmental legislation for the discharge of effluents of wastewater treatment plants into surface waters. Ammonia removal in the secondary facultative and maturation ponds could be modelled using equations based on the volatilization mechanism proposed by Middlebrooks et al. (1982).

scholarly journals Use of Viscosity to Probe the Interaction of Anionic Surfactants with a Coagulant Protein from Moringa oleifera Seeds

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Maikokera ◽  
Habauka M. Kwaambwa
Keyword(s):  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Anionic Surfactants ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate ◽  
Protein Solutions ◽  
Capillary Viscometer ◽  
Protein Solution ◽  
V Protein ◽  
Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate ◽  
Physical Quantities

The intrinsic viscosity of the coagulant protein was evaluated from the flow times of the protein solutions through a capillary viscometer, and the results suggested the coagulant protein to be globular. The interactions of the coagulant protein with anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) were also investigated by capillary viscometry. We conclude that there is strong protein-surfactant interaction at very low surfactant concentrations, and the behavior of the anionic surfactants in solutions containing coagulant protein is very similar. The viscometry results of protein-SDS system are compared with surface tension, fluorescence, and circular dichroism reported earlier. Combining the results of the four studies, the four approaches seem to confirm the same picture of the coagulant protein-SDS interaction. All the physical quantities when studied as function of surfactant concentration for 0.05% (w/v) protein solution either exhibited a maximum or minimum at a critical SDS concentration.

The metabolism of p-fluorophenylacetic acid by a Pseudomonas sp. I. Isolation and identification of intermediates in degradation

1971 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 635-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Harper ◽  
E. R. Blakley
Keyword(s):  
Sole Carbon Source ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Enrichment Culture ◽  
Culture Technique ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Resting Cells ◽  
Pseudomonas Sp ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid ◽  
Organic Fluorine

A Pseudomonas sp. capable of growing on p-fluorophenylacetic acid as sole carbon source has been isolated using the enrichment culture technique. All the organic fluorine is released into the culture medium as fluoride ion during growth. A number of fluorinated intermediates have been isolated from the culture medium when resting cells were incubated with the substrate. Using infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectroscopic techniques together with chemical degradative procedures, these have been identified as D(+)-monofluorosuccinic acid, trans-3-fluoro-3-hexenedioic acid, (−)-4-carboxymethyl-4-fluorobutanolide, 4-fluoro-2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and 4-fluoro-3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid.

Degradation of (–)-Ephedrine by Pseudomonas putida Detection of (–)-Ephedrine: NAD+-oxidoreductase from Arthrobacter globiformis

1980 ◽  
Vol 35 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 80-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Klamann ◽  
F. Lingens
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Putida ◽  
Enrichment Culture ◽  
Culture Fluid ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Culture Technique ◽  
Arthrobacter Globiformis ◽  
Muconic Acid ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate Precipitation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Nad Oxidoreductase

Abstract A bacterium utilizing the alkaloid (-)-ephedrine as its sole source of carbon was isolated by an enrichment-culture technique from soil supplemented with 4-benzoyl-1,3-oxazolidinon-(2). The bacterium was identified as Pseudomonasputida by morphological and physiological studies. The following metabolites were isolated from the culture fluid: methylamine, formaldehyde, methyl- benzoylcarbinol (2-hydroxy-1-oxo-1-phenylpropane), benzoid acid, pyrocatechol and cis, cis- muconic acid. A pathway for the degradation of (-)-ephedrine by Pseudomonas putida is proposed and compared with the degradative pathway in Arthrobacter globiformis.The enzyme, which is responsible for the first step in the catabolism of (-)-ephedrine could be demonstrated in extracts from Arthrobacter globiformis. This enzyme catalyses the dehydrogena- tion of (-)-ephedrine yielding phenylacetylcarbinol/methylbenzoylcarbinol and methylamine. It requires NAD+ as cofactor and exhibits optimal activity at pH 11 in 0.1 m glycine/NaOH buffer. The Km value for (-)-ephedrine is 0.02 mM and for NAD+ 0.11 mм, respectively. No remarkable loss of activity is observed following treatment with EDTA. The enzyme has been shown to react with a wide range of ethanolamines. A slight enrichment was obtained by ammonium sulphate precipitation. The name (-)-ephedrine: NAD+-oxidoreductase (deaminating) is proposed.

scholarly journals Performance and Biomass Characteristics of SBRs Treating High-Salinity Wastewater at Presence of Anionic Surfactants

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 2689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiru Li ◽  
Shaohua Wu ◽  
Chunping Yang
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Polymeric Substances ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Anionic Surfactants ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Sodium Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate ◽  
Batch Reactors ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Sequencing Batch Reactors ◽  
Improper Use

Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), as two anionic surfactants, have diffused into environments such as surface water and ground water due to extensive and improper use. The effects on the removal performance and microbial community of sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) need to be investigated in the treatment of saline wastewater containing 20 g/L NaCl. The presence of SDS and SDBS could decrease the removal efficiencies of ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus, and the effect of SDS was more significant. The effect of surfactants on the removal mainly occurred during the aeration phase. Adding SDS and SDBS can reduce the content of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). In addition, SDS and SDBS also can reduce the inhibition of high salinity on sludge activity. A total of 16 s of rRNA sequencing analysis showed that the addition of surfactants reduced the diversity of microbial communities; besides, the relative abundance value of the dominant population Proteobacteria increased from 91.66% to 97.12% and 93.48% when SDS and SDBS were added into the system, respectively.

Purification and characterization of enterocin MC13 produced by a potential aquaculture probiontEnterococcus faeciumMC13 isolated from the gut ofMugil cephalus

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 993-1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Satish Kumar ◽  
P. Kanmani ◽  
N. Yuvaraj ◽  
K.A. Paari ◽  
V. Pattukumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mass ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Vibrio Vulnificus ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Probiotic Bacterium ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Native Page ◽  
Spectrometry Analysis

A bacteriocin producer strain MC13 was isolated from the gut of Mugil cephalus (grey mullet) and identified as Enterococcus faecium . The bacteriocin of E. faecium MC13 was purified to homogeneity, as confirmed by Tricine sodium dodecyl sulphate – polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE). Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed a single active fraction eluted at 26 min, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry analysis showed the molecular mass to be 2.148 kDa. The clear zone in native PAGE corresponding to enterocin MC13 band further substantiated its molecular mass. A dialyzed sample (semicrude preparation) of enterocin MC13 was broad spectrum in its action and inhibited important seafood-borne pathogens: Listeria monocytogenes , Vibrio parahaemolyticus , and Vibrio vulnificus . This antibacterial substance was sensitive to proteolytic enzymes: trypsin, protease, and chymotrypsin but insensitive to catalase and lipase, confirming that inhibition was due to the proteinaceous molecule, i.e., bacteriocin, and not due to hydrogen peroxide. Enterocin MC13 tolerated heat treatment (up to 90 °C for 20 min). Enterococcus faecium MC13 was effective in bile salt tolerance, acid tolerance, and adhesion to the HT-29 cell line. These properties reveal the potential of E. faecium MC13 to be a probiotic bacterium. Enterococcus faecium MC13 could be used as potential fish probiotic against pathogens such as V. parahaemolyticus, Vibrio harveyi , and Aeromonas hydrophila in fisheries. Also, this could be a valuable seafood biopreservative against L. monocytogenes.

Triclosan: its occurrence, fate and effects in the Australian environment

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 598-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Kookana ◽  
G-G. Ying ◽  
N. J. Waller
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Biological Degradation ◽  
Microbiological Processes ◽  
Household Products ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Receiving Waters

Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial agent used widely in household products such as soaps, household cleaners, cosmetics, sportswear, mouthwash and toothpaste. It is a bioaccumulative compound known for its high toxicity to algae, daphnids, fish and other aquatic organisms. We investigated its occurrence in effluents, biosolids and surface waters in Australia, as well as its fate in Australian soils and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), including the effects on microbial processes in soils. The concentrations of TCS in 19 effluents ranged from 23 to 434 ng/L (median 108 ng/L) and in 17 biosolids from 0.09 to 16.79 mg/kg on dry weight basis (median 2.32 mg/kg). TCS at concentrations of up to 75 ng/L were detected in receiving waters from five creeks affected by effluent discharge from WWTPs. The removal rate of TCS in five selected WWTPs ranged from 72 and 93%, ascribed mainly to sorption onto sludge and biological degradation. Biodegradation in a clay loam soil was noted with a half life of 18 days. However the half-lives under field conditions are expected to be very different. The studies on the effect of TCS on soil microbiological processes showed that triclosan can disrupt the nitrogen cyclein sensitive soils at concentrations ≥5 mg/kg. In view of the recent risk assessment by the Australian regulatory agency NICNAS, there is an urgent need to assess exposure to TCS and its effect on ecosystem health.

scholarly journals Microbial metabolism of aromatic nitriles. Enzymology of C–N cleavage by Nocardia sp. (Rhodochrous group) N.C.I.B. 11216

1977 ◽  
Vol 165 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Harper
Keyword(s):  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Enrichment Culture ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Deae Cellulose ◽  
Intermediate Formation ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Nocardia Sp

1. An organism utilizing benzonitrile as sole carbon and nitrogen source was isolated by the enrichment-culture technique and identified as a Nocardia sp. of the rhodochrous group. 2. Respiration studies indicate that nitrile degradation proceeds through benzoic acid and catechol. 3. Cell-free extracts of benzonitrile-grown cells contain an enzyme that catalyses the conversion of benzonitrile directly into benzoic acid without intermediate formation of benzamide. 4. This nitrilase enzyme was purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 in the presence and absence of substrate. The purity of the enzyme was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel. 5. The enzyme shows a time-dependent substrate-activation process in which the substrate catalyses the association of inactive subunits of mol.wt. 45000 to form the polymeric 12-unit active enzyme of mol.wt. 560000. The time required for complete association is highly dependent on the concentration of the enzyme, temperature and pH. 6. The associated enzyme has a pH optimum of 8.0 and Km with benzonitrile as substrate of 4mm. The activation energy of the reaction as deduced from the Arrhenius plot is 51.8kJ/mol. 7. Enzyme activity is inhibited by thiol-specific reagents and several metal ions. 8. Studies with different substrates indicate that the nitrilase is specific for nitrile groups directly attached to the benzene ring. Various substituents in the ring are compatible with activity, though ortho-substitution, except by fluorine, renders the nitrile invulnerable to attack. 9. The environmental implications of these findings and the possible significance of the enzyme in the regulation of metabolism are discussed.

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