Two cyanobacterial strains can be distinguished from each other and other eukaryotic algae by spectral absorption method

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1203-1210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asha U. M. Lokuhewage ◽  
T. Fujino
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Absorption Method ◽  
Spectral Absorption ◽  
Freshwater Algae ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Eukaryotic Algae ◽  
Freshwater Bodies ◽  
Kanto Region

Spectral absorption method based on two step linear regression analyses (TSLR) was applied for detection of two strains of cyanobacterium, Microcystis (blue-green algae) from eukaryotic algae. Both blue-green algae, algae and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were considered from freshwater bodies in Kanto region, Japan. The results show that blue-green species can be detected from other algal species using absorption spectra of water samples. In this study statistical analysis was done by TSLR method, which determined the gradient vectors of single algal species and DOC. We believe that this method might be useful in environmental monitoring of freshwater algae.

Light and Nutrient Effects on the Relative Biomass of Blue-Green Algae in Lake Phytoplankton

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Val H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Algal Community ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Secchi Disc ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Nutrient Effects ◽  
Using Data

The factors determining the relative biomass of blue-green algae during the growing season were studied using data from 22 lakes worldwide. Multiple linear regression analyses suggest that total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and light (as estimated from Secchi disc transparency and the depth of the mixed layer) interact to determine the relative biomass of planktonic blue-green algae. At a fixed TN: TP ratio, blue-green relative biomass increases as light availability decreases. At a fixed light level, blue-green relative biomass also increases as the TN: TP ratio decreases. Both effects are consistent with current knowledge of algal physiology, and with a recently proposed theoretical framework for algal community structure.

scholarly journals Toxic or Otherwise Harmful Algae and the Built Environment

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 465
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Karl Hofbauer
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Harmful Algae ◽  
Special Group ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Nature Literature

This article gives a comprehensive overview on potentially harmful algae occurring in the built environment. Man-made structures provide diverse habitats where algae can grow, mainly aerophytic in nature. Literature reveals that algae that is potentially harmful to humans do occur in the anthropogenic environment in the air, on surfaces or in water bodies. Algae may negatively affect humans in different ways: they may be toxic, allergenic and pathogenic to humans or attack human structures. Toxin-producing alga are represented in the built environment mainly by blue green algae (Cyanoprokaryota). In special occasions, other toxic algae may also be involved. Green algae (Chlorophyta) found airborne or growing on manmade surfaces may be allergenic whereas Cyanoprokaryota and other forms may not only be toxic but also allergenic. Pathogenicity is found only in a special group of algae, especially in the genus Prototheca. In addition, rare cases with infections due to algae with green chloroplasts are reported. Algal action may be involved in the biodeterioration of buildings and works of art, which is still discussed controversially. Whereas in many cases the disfigurement of surfaces and even the corrosion of materials is encountered, in other cases a protective effect on the materials is reported. A comprehensive list of 79 taxa of potentially harmful, airborne algae supplemented with their counterparts occurring in the built environment, is given. Due to global climate change, it is not unlikely that the built environment will suffer from more and higher amounts of harmful algal species in the future. Therefore, intensified research in composition, ecophysiology and development of algal growth in the built environment is indicated.

Inhibition of Photosystem II-Reactions in Blue-Green Algae by the Antisera to Lutein and Neoxanthin

1977 ◽  
Vol 32 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 118-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georg H. Schmid ◽  
Helga List ◽  
Alfons Radunz
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transport ◽  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Nostoc Muscorum ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Oscillatoria Chalybea ◽  
Electron Donation ◽  
Tetramethyl Benzidine

An antiserum to lutein agglutinates thylakoids of Nostoc muscorum and Oscillatoria chalybea. From this it follows that lutein is located in the outer surface of the thylakoid membrane of these blue-green algae. The same result is obtained for an antiserum to neoxanthin. As neoxanthin is supposed not to occur in blue-green algae it follows that in this case the antibody action should be directed towards a carotenoid with allenic structure. The antisera to lutein and neoxanthin inhibit in both investigated algal species photosynthetic electron transport on the oxygen-evolving side of photosystem II. Moreover, the inhibition sites of both antisera are identical in Nostoc muscorum and are located between the sites of electron donation of the artificial electron donors tetramethyl benzidene and diphenylcarbazide. In the case of the blue-green alga Oscillatoria chalybea the inhibition sites of both antisera differ. Whereas the inhibition site of the antiserum to neoxanthin lies again between the sites of electron donation of tetramethyl benzidine and di­phenylcarbazide, the inhibition site of the antiserum to lutein appears to be situated at least partially beyond the site of electron donation of tetramethyl benzidine. The degree of inhibition of electron transport reactions with Nostoc muscorum is for both antisera 50 - 60 per cent and is pH-dependent. The pH-optimum lies at pH 7.2 for the antiserum to neoxanthin and at 7.8 for the antiserum to lutein. In comparison to this data the same antisera inhibit electron transport in chloroplasts from higher plants only by 20%. This low degree of inhibition in higher plants is apparently due to the fact that the surfaces of the thylakoids are not accessible to antibodies within the grana. In contrast to this the thylakoid surfaces of blue-green algae are fully accessible because the thylakoids are unstacked. The thylakoids of Oscillatoria chalybea have the tendency towards aggregation. Therefore, the results concerning the accessibility of the carotenoids to antibodies are not so clear cut as with Nostoc muscorum.

Chelating agents and blue-green algae

1974 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 1311-1321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willy Lange
Keyword(s):  
Microcystis Aeruginosa ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Chelating Agents ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Anacystis Nidulans ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Nostoc Muscorum ◽  
Artificial Agents ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Anabaena Circinalis

Many planktonic blue-green algae produce natural chelators which enable them to grow at high pH's in the absence of artificial chelators. The growth of 10 cyanophytes without an added chelator was found to differ widely with the algal species. Bacteria-containing cultures of Anabaena cylindrica, Anacystis nidulans, Lyngbya sp., Microcystis aeruginosa, Nostoc muscorum, and Phormidium foveolarum produced their own chelators and grew just as well as the controls with artificial chelating agents. Bacteria-containing cultures of Anabaena circinalis, Gloeotrichia echinulata, Oscillatoria rubescens, and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae did not produce chelators and, in the absence of artificial agents, grew poorly or perished early. The alga-produced, extracellular chelators were water-soluble and capable of chelating and controlling metal compounds that would exist in colloidal form at pH's above 7. Accordingly, in the absence of artificial chelators, the non-chelator-forming species grew in the filtrates of the chelator-forming algae the same as in the presence of artificial agents. Bacteria were not involved in the formation of natural chelators, since axenic cultures of Anabaena circinalis, Anacystis nidulans, Microcystis aeruginosa, Nostoc muscorum, and Phormidium foveolarum in the absence of artificial chelators performed about the same as the bacteria-associated species. Also, the filtrates of axenic, chelator-forming Anacystis cultures had the same growth-stimulating effect on non-chelator-forming species as filtrates from bacteria-associated cultures. The natural chelators showed partial thermolability.While the growth of chelator-forming species in the absence of artificial chelators was normal during the logarithmic phase, a peculiar, continuing production of total organic matter was observed with strongly declining cell numbers of Lyngbya, Microcystis, and Phormidium. The terminal cultures of these species were gelatinous, owing to the presence of extracellular matter, probably consisting of polysaccharides.

scholarly journals Differential Effects of the Allelochemical Juglone on Growth of Harmful and Non-Target Freshwater Algae

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myung-Hwan Park ◽  
Keonhee Kim ◽  
Soon-Jin Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Allelopathic Effect ◽  
Freshwater Algae ◽  
Nuisance Algae ◽  
Asterionella Formosa ◽  
Fragilaria Crotonensis ◽  
Synedra Acus ◽  
Stephanodiscus Hantzschii ◽  
Algicidal Effects

Allelopathy has been applied to control nuisance algae in aquatic systems, but the effects of allelochemicals on the broad spectrum of algae are not well understood. We investigate algicidal effects of the allelochemical juglone on the bloom-forming, harmful algae Microcystis aeruginosa and Stephanodiscus hantzschii, and on several non-target algal species including cyanobacteria (Anabaena flos–aquae, Oscillatoria curviceps, and Phormidium subfuscum), diatoms (Asterionella formosa, Fragilaria crotonensis, and Synedra acus), and green algae (Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus ecornis, and Scenedesmus quadricauda), in laboratory and field enclosure bioassays. Under three treatment concentrations (0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg L−1) of juglone, Microcystis cell density is significantly reduced by 35–93%. Concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mg L−1 inhibits Stephanodiscus growth almost equally (66% and 75%, respectively). To contrast, juglone produces a stimulatory allelopathic effect on three green algae, and other tested diatoms showed hormesis. Overall, the cyanobacteria are more sensitive to juglone than the green algae and diatoms. These results indicate that the allelopathic effects of juglone on microalgae vary depending on their characteristic cellular morphology and anatomy.

scholarly journals SAMSON: Spectral Absorption-fluorescence Microscopy System for ON-site-imaging of algae

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason L. Deglint ◽  
Lydon Tang ◽  
Yitian Wang ◽  
Chao Jin ◽  
Alexander Wong
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Spectral Absorption ◽  
Absorption Data ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Multispectral Data ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Rapid Acquisition ◽  
Site Use ◽  
Illumination Wavelength

This paper presents SAMSON, a Spectral Absorption-fluorescenceMicroscopy System for ON-site-imaging of algae within a watersample. Designed to be portable and low-cost for on-site use,the optical sub-system of SAMSON consists of a mixture of low-cost optics and electronics, designed specifically to capture bothfluorescent and absorption responses from a water sample. Thegraphical user interface (GUI) sub-system of SAMSON was de-signed to enable flexible visualisation of algae in the water samplein real-time, with the ability to perform fine-grained exposure con-trol and illumination wavelength selection. We demonstrate SAM-SON’s capabilities by equipping the system with two fluorescentillumination sources and seven absorption illumination sources toenable the capture of multispectral data from six different algaespecies (three from the Cyanophyta phylum (blue-green algae) andthree from the Chlorophyta phylum (green algae)). The key benefitof SAMSON is the ability to perform rapid acquisition of fluores-cence and absorption data at different wavelengths and magnifica-tion levels, thus opening the door for machine learning methods toautomatically identify and enumerate different algae in water sam-ples using this rich wealth of data.

Terrestrial and freshwater algae of Aldabra

1971 ◽  
Vol 260 (836) ◽  
pp. 249-255 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Freshwater Algae ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Nostoc Commune ◽  
Wetting And Drying ◽  
Bare Rock ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Preliminary Account ◽  
Successional Stages ◽  
Quantitative Importance

A preliminary account is presented of the terrestrial and freshwater algae found during the wet season 1968/69. Blue-green algae were by far the most abundant group, often conspicuous to the naked eye. Colonization of bare rock is almost entirely by heterocystous blue-green algae, with other algae, lichens and bryophytes playing a negligible role. On champignon and the drier parts of platin Scytonemataceae predom inated. On parts of platin subjected to a frequent cycle of wetting and drying, there were large masses of colonies of Nostoc commune . Thin soils over platin with only a sparse angiosperm cover were often dominated by a Nostoc—Rica community. However, in some areas of South Island sheets of various Oscillatoriaceae covered a similar substratum . It is suggested that this difference may be due to the activity of the tortoises. In the deeper waters covering the platin of South Island forms of Wollea were the predom inant alga. Chlorophyta were represented by a range of species, but these seldom formed a major part of the algal biomass. The rarity of diatoms and the absence of Chrysophyta were noteworthy. Using the assumption that the heterocyst is an indicator of nitrogen-fixing ability, the evidence suggests that deficiency of combined nitrogen is a major factor during early successional stages on bare coral, but not one by the stage that an angiosperm cover has developed. Direct observation suggests that decay of blue-green algae is an important contributor to the formation of humus over bare rock, but gives little clue to the quantitative importance of these organisms as an agent of erosion.

Algae, proalgae, and eualgae

1992 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-681
Author(s):  
Leigh M. Van Valen
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
General Term ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Eukaryotic Algae

As Torres (1991) and others have noted, the term “algae” no longer refers to a taxonomically useful group. It does, though, refer to an easily recognized adaptive facies. This adaptive facies contains both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, as do various others (e.g., nanoplankton or decomposers). The blue-green algae are thus indeed algae in this useful sense. More than terminology is involved, because a concept like that of adaptive facies can be forgotten if we focus solely on taxa. The terms “proalgae” and “eualgae” can be used transparently when we want to distinguish prokaryotic from eukaryotic algae. “Proalgae” has in fact been proposed as a formal taxon (Van Valen, 1986); the terms come from Van Valen and Maiorana (1980). Similarly, one can refer to the nonhomologous kinds of flagellae as proflagellae and euflagellae while retaining a general term.

scholarly journals Capillary Electrophoresis Single-Strand Conformational Polymorphisms as a Method to Differentiate Algal Species

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Jernigan ◽  
Christa Hestekin
Keyword(s):  
Capillary Electrophoresis ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Brown Algae ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Single Strand ◽  
Nostoc Muscorum ◽  
Single Strand Conformational Polymorphism ◽  
Variable Regions ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Potential Shifts

Capillary electrophoresis single-strand conformational polymorphism (CE-SSCP) was explored as a fast and inexpensive method to differentiate both prokaryotic (blue-green) and eukaryotic (green and brown) algae. A selection of two blue-green algae (Nostoc muscorumandAnabaena inaequalis), five green algae (Chlorella vulgaris, Oedogonium foveolatum, Mougeotiasp.,Scenedesmus quadricauda, andUlothrix fimbriata), and one brown algae (Ectocarpussp.) were examined and CE-SSCP electropherogram “fingerprints” were compared to each other for two variable regions of either the 16S or 18S rDNA gene. The electropherogram patterns were remarkably stable and consistent for each particular species. The patterns were unique to each species, although some common features were observed between the different types of algae. CE-SSCP could be a useful method for monitoring changes in an algae species over time as potential shifts in species occurred.

Freeze-Fracture Replication in the Ultrastructure of Blue-Green Algae

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 74-75
Author(s):  
L. V. Leak
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Photosynthetic Membranes ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Cell Biol ◽  
Cellular Components

Electron microscopic observations of freeze-fracture replicas of Anabaena cells obtained by the procedures described by Bullivant and Ames (J. Cell Biol., 1966) indicate that the frozen cells are fractured in many different planes. This fracturing or cleaving along various planes allows one to gain a three dimensional relation of the cellular components as a result of such a manipulation. When replicas that are obtained by the freeze-fracture method are observed in the electron microscope, cross fractures of the cell wall and membranes that comprise the photosynthetic lamellae are apparent as demonstrated in Figures 1 & 2.A large portion of the Anabaena cell is composed of undulating layers of cytoplasm that are bounded by unit membranes that comprise the photosynthetic membranes. The adjoining layers of cytoplasm are closely apposed to each other to form the photosynthetic lamellae. Occassionally the adjacent layers of cytoplasm are separated by an interspace that may vary in widths of up to several 100 mu to form intralamellar vesicles.

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