The impact of organic carbon on the performance of a high rate nitrifying trickling filter designed to pre-treat potable water

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 1875-1883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben van den Akker ◽  
Mike Holmes ◽  
Nancy Cromar ◽  
Howard Fallowfield
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Trickling Filters ◽  
Filter Performance ◽  
Carbon Load ◽  
The Impact

The application of nitrifying trickling filters (NTFs) to potable water treatment is less well understood than their application to wastewater treatment, particularly regarding the effect of low ammonia substrate concentrations and organic carbon loading on filter performance. A large pilot-scale NTF was operated under conditions that simulated the raw water quality of poorly protected catchments typically found in SE Asia, with the objective of reducing the ammonia driven chlorine demand during disinfection. The efficacy of a high rate NTF to remove low concentrations of ammonia (0.5–5.0 mg NH4-N L−1) in the presence of high organic carbon (1–12 mg soluble biochemical oxygen demand (sBOD5) L−1) was investigated. Results demonstrated that 90 to 100% of nitrification was maintained only when the carbon load was less than 0.7 g sBOD5 m−2 d−1 (<4 mg sBOD5 L−1). Once the organic load was increased beyond 0.75 to 2.1 g sBOD5 m−2 d−1 (4.5–12.1 mg sBOD5 L−1), a linear decline in nitrification from 70 to 15% was observed within a timeframe of 8 to 10 d. The impact of high organic loads on the distribution of nitrification down the NTF was also investigated. Results confirmed that carbon loads greater than 0.95 g sBOD5 m−2 d−1 (>5.5 mg sBOD5 L−1), severely suppressed nitrification throughout the entire filter bed.

Tilapia rearing with high rate algal pond effluent: ammonia surface loading rates and stocking densities effects

2018 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
I. A. Sánchez ◽  
R. K. X. Bastos ◽  
E. A. T. Lana
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Surface Loading ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Total Weight Gain ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
Total Ammonia

Abstract In two pilot-scale experiments, fingerlings and juvenile of tilapia were reared in high rate algal pond (HRAP) effluent. The combination of three different total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) surface loading rates (SLR1 = 0.6, SLR2 = 1.2; SLR3 = 2.4 kg TAN·ha−1·d−1) and two fish stocking densities (D1 = 4 and D2 = 8 fish per tank) was evaluated during two 12-week experiments. Fingerlings total weight gain varied from 4.9 to 18.9 g, with the highest value (equivalent to 0.225 g·d−1) being recorded in SLR2-D1 treatment; however, high mortality (up to 67%) was recorded, probably due to sensitivity to ammonia and wide daily temperature variations. At lower water temperatures, juvenile tilapia showed no mortality, but very low weight gain. The fish rearing tanks worked as wastewater polishing units, adding the following approximate average removal figures on top of those achieved at the HRAP: 63% of total Kjeldahl nitrogen; 54% of ammonia nitrogen; 42% of total phosphorus; 37% of chemical oxygen demand; 1.1 log units of Escherichia coli.

scholarly journals Innovative Effluent Capture and Evacuation Device that Increases COD Removal Efficiency in Subsurface Flow Wetlands

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Cisterna-Osorio ◽  
Verónica Lazcano-Castro ◽  
Gisela Silva-Vasquez ◽  
Mauricio Llanos-Baeza ◽  
Ignacio Fuentes-Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Discharge Device ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Real Scale ◽  
Conventional Device

The objective of this work is to evaluate the impact of innovative modifications made to conventional effluent capture and discharge devices used in subsurface flow wetlands (SSFW). The main modifications that have been developed extend the influence of the capture and discharge device in such a way that the SSFW width and height are fully covered. This improved innovative device was applied and evaluated in two subsurface flow wetlands, one on a pilot scale and one on a real scale. To evaluate the impact of the innovative device with respect to the conventional one in the operational functioning of subsurface flow wetlands, the elimination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was measured and compared. The results show that for the innovative device, the COD removal was 10% higher than for the conventional device, confirming the validity and effectiveness of the modifications implemented in the effluent capture and discharge devices used in SSFW.

Application of high rate nitrifying trickling filters for potable water treatment

2008 ◽  
Vol 42 (17) ◽  
pp. 4514-4524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben van den Akker ◽  
Mike Holmes ◽  
Nancy Cromar ◽  
Howard Fallowfield
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Trickling Filters ◽  
Potable Water Treatment

Optimization of a mainstream nitritation-denitritation process and anammox polishing

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 632-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pusker Regmi ◽  
Becky Holgate ◽  
Dana Fredericks ◽  
Mark W. Miller ◽  
Bernhard Wett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Ammonia Oxidation ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Anammox Bacteria ◽  
Tin Removal

This paper deals with an almost 1-year long pilot study of a nitritation-denitritation process that was followed by anammox polishing. The pilot plant treated real municipal wastewater at ambient temperatures. The effluent of high-rate activated sludge process (hydraulic retention time, HRT = 30 min, solids retention time = 0.25 d) was fed to the pilot plant described in this paper, where a constant temperature of 23 °C was maintained. The nitritation-denitritation process was operated to promote nitrite oxidizing bacteria out-selection in an intermittently aerated reactor. The intermittent aeration pattern was controlled using a strategy based on effluent ammonia and nitrate + nitrite concentrations. The unique feature of this aeration control was that fixed dissolved oxygen set-point was used and the length of aerobic and anoxic durations were changed based on the effluent ammonia and nitrate + nitrite concentrations. The anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) bacteria were adapted in mainstream conditions by allowing the growth on the moving bed bioreactor plastic media in a fully anoxic reactor. The total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) removal performance of the entire system was 75 ± 15% during the study at a modest influent chemical oxygen demand (COD)/NH4+-N ratio of 8.9 ± 1.8 within the HRT range of 3.1–9.4 h. Anammox polishing contributed 11% of overall TIN removal. Therefore, this pilot-scale study demonstrates that application of the proposed nitritation-denitritation system followed by anammox polishing is capable of relatively high nitrogen removal without supplemental carbon and alkalinity at a low HRT.

Process optimisation of a combined system of floating medium and sand filter in prawn farm effluent treatment

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 87-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Ngo ◽  
S. Vigneswaran
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Combined System ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Filter Performance ◽  
Upward Direction

A treatment technology known as “a combined system of floating medium and sand filter (FMSF)” was developed and tested successfully with prawn farm effluent. This system has a remarkable techno-economical advantages. Laboratory and semi pilot-scale studies were carried out to optimise the filter bed depth, backwash method and other operating conditions. The dewatering characteristics of sludge from filter backwash was also analysed. The filter was operated at a high rate. The experimental results indicated that: (i) in case of no in-line chemical addition, the smaller ratio between floating medium and sand filter depth gave rise better filter performance. At the filtration rate of 7.5–20 m3/m2.h and with an in-line chemical addition, the suitable depth of floating medium varied from 400–1000 mm for a sand filter depth of 400 mm; (ii) frequent (once in every 90–120 minutes) but short duration of backwash (not more than 60 seconds) was found to be suitable. During the backwash, the water and air were sent for 30 seconds in upward direction and then followed with upflow of water for another 30 seconds. Backwash water amount comprised only 1.2–1.8% of the filtered water production. A mechanical backwash system using rotating paddles is a promising alternative for floating medium filter; and (iii) the filterability of the sludge from filter backwash was low in case of no in-line chemical addition (specific resistance, r = 9.34 × 1010 m/kg) but improved with in-line flocculant addition (r = 3.07 × 109 − 1.29 × 1010 m/kg).

Application of an Innovative Effluent Capture and Evacuation Device that Increases the Efficiency of Subsurface Flow Wetlands

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Cisterna-Osorio ◽  
Gisela Silva-Vasquez ◽  
Mauricio Llanos-Baeza ◽  
Veronica Lazcano-Castro ◽  
Felipe Fuentes-Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Discharge Device ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Real Scale ◽  
Conventional Device

The objective of this work is to evaluate the impact of the innovative modifications made to the conventional effluent capture and discharge devices used in subsurface flow wetlands (SSFW). The main modifications developed consist on extending the influence of the capture and discharge device in such a way that the SSFW width and height are fully covered. This improved innovative device was applied and evaluated in two subsurface flow wetlands, one on a pilot scale and one on a real scale. To evaluate the impact of the innovative device with respect to conventional one in the operational functioning of subsurface flow wetlands, the elimination of chemical oxygen demand was measured and compared. The results show that for the innovative device, the COD removal was 10% higher than for the conventional device, confirming the validity and effectiveness of the modifications implemented in the effluent capture and discharge devices used in SSFW.

scholarly journals Development of Decay in Biofilms under Starvation Conditions—Rethinking of the Biomass Model

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1249
Author(s):  
Michael Cramer ◽  
Jens Tränckner
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Decay Rate ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Stormwater Treatment ◽  
Trickling Filters ◽  
Conventional Activated Sludge ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Biomass Activity ◽  
Starvation Conditions

The study investigates the decay of heterotrophic biomass in biofilms under starvation conditions based on measurements of the oxygen uptake rate (OUR). Original incentive was to understand the preservation of active biomass in SBR-trickling filter systems (SBR-TFS), treating event-based occurring, organically polluted stormwater. In comparison with activated sludge systems, the analyzed biofilm carrier of SBR trickling filters showed an astonishing low decay rate of 0.025 d−1, that allows the biocenosis to withstand long periods of starvation. In activated sludge modeling, biomass decay is regarded as first order kinetics with a 10 times higher constant decay rate (0.17–0.24 d−1, depending on the model used). In lab-scale OUR measurements, the degradation of biofilm layers led to wavy sequence of biomass activity. After long starvation, the initial decay rate (comparable to activated sludge model (ASM) approaches) dropped by a factor of 10. This much lower decay rate is supported by experiments comparing the maximum OUR in pilot-scale biofilm systems before and after longer starvation periods. These findings require rethinking of the approach of single-stage decay rate approach usually used in conventional activated sludge modelling, at least for the investigated conditions: the actual decay rate is apparently much lower than assumed, but is overshadowed by degradation of either cell-internal substrate and/or the ability to tap “ultra-slow” degradable chemical oxygen demand (COD) fractions. For the intended stormwater treatment, this allows the application of technical biofilm systems, even for long term dynamics of wastewater generation.

scholarly journals Application of an Innovative Effluent Capture and Evacuation Device that Increases the Efficiency of Subsurface Flow Wetlands

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Cisterna-Osorio ◽  
Gisela Silva-Vasquez ◽  
Mauricio Llanos-Baeza ◽  
Veronica Lazcano-Castro ◽  
Ignacio Fuentes-Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Discharge Device ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Real Scale ◽  
Conventional Device

The objective of this work is to evaluate the impact of the innovative modifications made to the conventional effluent capture and discharge devices used in subsurface flow wetlands (SSFW). The main modifications developed consist on extending the influence of the capture and discharge device in such a way that the SSFW width and height are fully covered. This improved innovative device was applied and evaluated in two subsurface flow wetlands, one on a pilot scale and one on a real scale. To evaluate the impact of the innovative device with respect to conventional one in the operational functioning of subsurface flow wetlands, the elimination of chemical oxygen demand was measured and compared. The results show that for the innovative device, the COD removal was 10% higher than for the conventional device, confirming the validity and effectiveness of the modifications implemented in the effluent capture and discharge devices used in SSFW.

scholarly journals Performance of up flow anaerobic sludge fixed film bioreactor for the treatment of high organic load and biogas production of cheese whey wastewater

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazila Tehrani ◽  
Ghasem Najafpour ◽  
Mostafa Rahimnejad ◽  
Hossein Attar
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge ◽  
Operation Temperature ◽  
Fixed Film ◽  
Fixed Film Bioreactor

Among various wastewater treatment technologies, biological wastewater treatment appears to be the most promising method. A pilot scale of hybrid anaerobic bioreactor was fabricated and used for the whey wastewater treatment. The top and bottom of the hybrid bioreactor known as up flow anaerobic sludge fixed film (UASFF); was a combination of up flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) and up flow anaerobic fixed film reactor (UAFF), respectively. The effects of operating parameters such as temperature and hydraulic retention time (HRT) on chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and biogas production in the hybrid bioreactor were investigated. Treatability of the samples at various HRTs of 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours was evaluated in the fabricated bioreactor. The desired conditions for COD removal such as HRT of 48 hours and operation temperature of 40 ?C were obtained. The maximum COD removal and biogas production were 80% and 2.40 (L/d), respectively. Kinetic models of Riccati, Monod and Verhalst were also evaluated for the living microorganisms in the treatment process. Among the above models, Riccati model was the best growth model fitted with the experimental data with R2 of about 0.99.

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