Brake wear from vehicles as an important source of diffuse copper pollution

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.H.J. Hulskotte ◽  
H.A.C. Denier van der Gon ◽  
A.J.H. Visschedijk ◽  
M. Schaap
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
Deposition Fluxes ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
The North ◽  
Particulate Copper ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Brake Wear

In this article we show that brake wear from road traffic vehicles is an important source of atmospheric (particulate) copper concentrations in Europe. Consequently, brake wear also contributes significantly to deposition fluxes of copper to surface waters. We estimated the copper emission due to brake wear to be 2.4 kiloton per year. For comparison, the official database for Europe (without brake wear) totals 2.6 kiloton per year. In Western Europe the brake wear emissions dominate the total emission of copper. Using the spatially resolved emission data, copper distributions over Europe were calculated with the LOTOS-EUROS model. Without brake wear the model underestimates observed copper concentrations by a factor of 3, which is in accordance with other studies. Including the brake wear emissions largely removes the bias. We find that 75% of the atmospheric copper input in the North Sea may be due to brake wear. We estimate that about 25% of the total copper input in the Dutch part of the North Sea stems from brake wear. Although the estimated brake wear copper emission is associated with a large uncertainty, it significantly improves our understanding of the copper cycle in the environment.

The case for comparison

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Haour
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
North Western

This chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about the comparison of rulers, warriors, traders, and clerics on the central Sahel and the North Sea region. It argues that there was more similarity between north-western Europe and the central Sahel in the few centuries either side of AD 1001 than has hitherto been recognised, and maintains that the nature of the sources has obscured these formative times and left them in the shadow of organised structures. It discusses the interconnectedness of central Sahel and north-west Europe through contacts and shared pre-industrial nature.

scholarly journals IX.—On the Glacial Succession in Europe

1895 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-149
Author(s):  
James Geikie
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Marine Origin ◽  
The North ◽  
Pleistocene Period ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
North Western

For many years geologists have recognised the occurrence of at least two boulder-clays in the British Islands and the corresponding latitudes of the Continent. It is no longer doubted that these are the products of two separate and distinct glacial epochs. This has been demonstrated by the appearance of intercalated deposits of terrestrial, freshwater, or, as the case may be, marine origin. Such interglacial accumulations have been met with again and again in Britain, and they have likewise been detected at many places on the Continent, between the border of the North Sea and the heart of Russia. Their organic contents indicate in some cases cold climatic conditions; in others, they imply a climate not less temperate or even more genial than that which now obtains in the regions where they occur. Nor are such interglacial beds confined to northern and north-western Europe. In the Alpine Lands of the central and southern regions of our Continent they are equally well developed. Impressed by the growing strength of the evidence, it is no wonder that geologists, after a season of doubt, should at last agree in the conclusion that the glacial conditions of the Pleistocene period were interrupted by at least one protracted interglacial epoch. Not a few observers go further, and maintain that the evidence indicates more than this. They hold that three or even more glacial epochs supervened in Pleistocene times. This is the conclusion I reached many years ago, and I now purpose reviewing the evidence which has accumulated since then, in order to show how far it goes to support that conclusion.

Loran-C Chains: Determination of Extent of Cover

1988 ◽  
Vol 41 (02) ◽  
pp. 149-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. Woodman ◽  
J. Juleff ◽  
R. A. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Propagation Path ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Geometric Effects

A mainly theoretical study has been undertaken to demonstrate how the extent of cover from a hyperbolic navigation system chain can be evaluated. The impetus for the study was the need to assess how Loran-C could be extended over Western Europe, particularly in the South western Approaches, North Sea, English Channel and Bay of Biscay sea areas.The technique described in this article leads to an accurate determination of the electric field strength at a distance from each transmitting site and takes into account the complexities of the ground-wave propagation path. This field-strength contour is combined with the geometric effects of station siting (expansion factors) to yield a constant S/N contour (–10 dB) which defines the ¼n.m. error and hence the limit of cover for the hyperbolic chain under study.In order to exercise the analytical methods a hypothetical Loran-C chain was studied comprising a master station at Lessay (France), with secondary stations at Soustons (also in France), at Sylt (dual rated; off the North Sea coast of Germany, near the Danish border) and at a fourth station located in north-west Britain on the Hebridean island of Barra. The study indicated that such a hypothetical chain would significantly improve Loran-C cover over much of western Europe.

Modeling methane from the North Sea region with ICON-ART

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Scharun ◽  
Roland Ruhnke ◽  
Michael Weimer ◽  
Peter Braesicke
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Methane Emission ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Ozone Production ◽  
Oh Radical ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
The North ◽  
Emission Fluxes ◽  
The North Sea

<p>Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) is the second most important greenhouse gas after CO<sub>2</sub> affecting global warming. Various sources (e.g. fossil fuel production, agriculture and waste, biomass burning and natural wetlands) and sinks (the reaction with the OH-radical as the main sink contributes to tropospheric ozone production) determine the methane budget. Due to its long lifetime in the atmosphere methane can be transported over long distances.</p><p>Disused and active offshore platforms can emit methane, the amount being difficult to quantify. In addition, explorations of the sea floor in the North Sea showed a release of methane near the boreholes of both, oil and gas producing platforms. The basis of this study is the established emission data base EDGAR (Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research), an inventory that includes methane emission fluxes in the North Sea region. While methane emission fluxes in the EDGAR inventory and platform locations are matching for most of the oil platforms almost all of the gas platform sources are missing in the database. We develop a method for estimating the missing emission sources based on the EDGAR inventory and the known locations of gas platforms as additional point sources will be inserted in the model.</p><p>In this study the global model ICON-ART (ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic model - Aerosols and Reactive Trace gases) is used. ART is an online-coupled model extension for ICON that includes chemical gases and aerosols. One aim of the model is the simulation of interactions between the trace substances and the state of the atmosphere by coupling the spatiotemporal evolution of tracers with atmospheric processes. ICON-ART sensitivity simulations are performed with inserted and adjusted sources to access their influence on the methane and OH-radical distribution on regional (North Sea) and global scales.</p>

The North Sea CycleAn Overview Of 2Nd-Order Transgressive/Regressive Facies Cycles In Western Europe

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry Jacquin ◽  
Gerard Dardeau ◽  
Christophe Durlet ◽  
Pierre-Charles de Graciansky ◽  
Pierre Hantzpergue
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea

The Storm, 1618–49

2020 ◽  
pp. 97-116
Author(s):  
Jonathan Scott
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Louis Xiv ◽  
Military Alliance ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
North Western

This chapter discusses the Thirty Years' War. It shows that, when the Scots and then the English Protestants took up arms between 1638 and 1642 they followed the Dutch in committing to the defence of their Reformation by force. This was the first in a series of conflicts which did not secure Protestantism in England until 1689, or Calvinism in Scotland until 1707. These struggles on both sides of the North Sea were intertwined, beginning with a Scots rebellion supported by soldiers returning from the Netherlands and elsewhere, and ultimately hinging upon a Dutch invasion of England in 1688–9. In the long term, Reformation could only be defended in North-Western Europe by a multinational (and cross-confessional) military alliance against Louis XIV and James II.

Modeling methane from the North Sea region with ICON-ART

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Scharun ◽  
Roland Ruhnke ◽  
Jennifer Schröter ◽  
Michael Weimer ◽  
Peter Braesicke
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Methane Emission ◽  
Ozone Production ◽  
Oh Radical ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
The North ◽  
Emission Fluxes ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Reactive Trace Gases

<p>Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) is the second most important greenhouse gas after CO<sub>2</sub> affecting global warming. Various sources (e.g. fossil fuel production, agriculture and waste, biomass burning and natural wetlands) and sinks (the reaction with the OH-radical as the main sink contributes to tropospheric ozone production) determine the methane budget. Due to its long lifetime in the atmosphere methane can be transported over long distances.</p><p>Disused and active offshore platforms can emit methane, the amount being difficult to quantify. In addition, explorations of the sea floor in the North Sea showed a release of methane near the boreholes of both, oil and gas producing platforms. The basis of this study is the established emission data base EDGAR (Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research), an inventory that includes methane emission fluxes in the North Sea region. While methane emission fluxes in the EDGAR inventory and platform locations are matching for most of the oil platforms almost all of the gas platform sources are missing in the database. We develop a method for estimating the missing sources based on the EDGAR emission inventory.</p><p>In this study the global model ICON-ART (ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic model - Aerosols and Reactive Trace gases) will be used. ART is an online-coupled model extension for ICON that includes chemical gases and aerosols. One aim of the model is the simulation of interactions between the trace substances and the state of the atmosphere by coupling the spatiotemporal evolution of tracers with atmospheric processes. ICON-ART sensitivity simulations are performed with inserted and adjusted sources to access their influence on the methane and OH-radical distribution on regional (North Sea) and global scales.</p>

scholarly journals Offshore Windfarm Footprint of Sediment Organic Matter Mineralization Processes

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emil De Borger ◽  
Evgeny Ivanov ◽  
Arthur Capet ◽  
Ulrike Braeckman ◽  
Jan Vanaverbeke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Deposition Fluxes ◽  
Southern Bight ◽  
Marine Life ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Mineralization Processes ◽  
Sediment Layers

Offshore windfarms (OWFs) offer part of the solution for the energy transition which is urgently needed to mitigate effects of climate change. Marine life has rapidly exploited the new habitat offered by windfarm structures, resulting in increased opportunities for filter- and suspension feeding organisms. In this study, we investigated the effects of organic matter (OM) deposition in the form of fecal pellets expelled by filtering epifauna in OWFs, on mineralization processes in the sediment. OM deposition fluxes produced in a 3D hydrodynamic model of the Southern Bight of the North Sea were used as input in a model of early diagenesis. Two scenarios of OWF development in the Belgian Part of the North Sea (BPNS) and its surrounding waters were calculated and compared to a no-OWF baseline simulation. The first including constructed OWFs as of 2021, the second containing additional planned OWFs by 2026. Our results show increased total mineralization rates within OWFs (27–30%) in correspondence with increased deposition of reactive organic carbon (OC) encapsulated in the OM. This leads to a buildup of OC in the upper sediment layers (increase by ∼10%) and an increase of anoxic mineralization processes. Similarly, denitrification rates within the OWFs increased, depending on the scenario, by 2–3%. Effects were not limited to the OWF itself: clear changes were noticed in sediments outside of the OWFs, which were mostly opposite to the “within-OWF” effects. This contrast generated relatively small changes when averaging values over the full modeling domain, however, certain changes, such as for example the increased storage of OC in sediments, may be of significant value for national / regional carbon management inventories. Our results add to expectations of ecosystem-wide effects of windfarms in the marine environments, which need to be researched further given the rapid rate of expansion of OWFs.

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