Effect of external organic matter on nutrient removal and growth of Phragmites australis in a laboratory-scale subsurface-flow treatment wetland

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 121-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.K. Karunarathna ◽  
N. Tanaka ◽  
K.B.S.N. Jinadasa
Keyword(s):  
Phragmites Australis ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Organic Additive ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Nutrient Loads ◽  
Treatment Wetland ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
The Difference

Coconut dust, which is used intensively in horticultural applications, was tested as an external organic additive in a series of laboratory-scale subsurface-flow constructed wetlands planted with Phragmites australis. The systems were fed with a mixture of NO−3-N, NH+4-N, and SRP in tap water to simulate high nutrient loads. In the absence of plants, TN removal efficiency was 66%, and the efficiency increased to >80% in the microcosm wetlands. TN and NO−3 removal efficiencies were marginally increased by coconut-dust treatment in comparison with sand-bed microcosms. Analysis by ANOVA showed that the TN removal from a coconut dust-supplemented sand-bed microcosm was significantly different from a sand-bed microcosm (0.0437 < p<0.05). All the systems showed an equal capacity to treat NH+4 nitrogen under low influent concentration levels. Phosphorus removal efficiencies were >98% in all three systems, and a difference between planted and unplanted systems was not observed. Shoot height and shoot densities of P. australis grown in the coconut dust-supplemented medium were significantly higher than those grown in the sand-bed medium. The difference in P. australis growth in response to the coconut dust addition revealed that the added material has the potential to create favourable conditions for plant growth.

scholarly journals Reproducibility of suppression of Pythium wilt of cucumber by compost

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 236-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauritz Vilhelm Vestberg ◽  
Sanna Kukkonen ◽  
Päivi Parikka ◽  
Dan Yu ◽  
Martin Romantschuk
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
Sphagnum Peat ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Suppressive Capacity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Set Up

There is increasing global interest in using compost to suppress soil-borne fungal and bacterial diseases and nematodes. We studied the reproducibility of compost suppressive capacity (SC) against Pythium wilt of cucumber using nine composts produced by the same composting plant in 2008 and 2009. A bioassay was set up in a greenhouse using cucumber inoculated with two strains of Pythium. The composts were used as 20% mixtures (v:v) of a basic steam-sterilized light Sphagnum peat and sand (3:1, v:v). Shoot height was measured weekly during the 5-week experiment. At harvest, the SC was calculated as the % difference in shoot dry weight (DW) between non-inoculated and inoculated cucumbers. The SC was not affected by year of production (2008 or 2009), indicating reproducibility of SC when the raw materials and the composting method are not changed. Differences in shoot height were not as pronounced as those for shoot DW. The results were encouraging, but further studies are still needed for producing compost with guaranteed suppressiveness properties.

scholarly journals Removal of Cryptosporidium and polystyrene microspheres from swimming pool water with sand, cartridge, and precoat filters

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Amburgey ◽  
Kimberly J. Walsh ◽  
Roy R. Fielding ◽  
Michael J. Arrowood
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Recreational Water ◽  
Polystyrene Microspheres ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

Cryptosporidium has caused the majority of waterborne disease outbreaks in treated recreational water venues in the USA for many years running. This research project evaluated some common US swimming pool filters for removing Cryptosporidium oocysts, 5-µm diameter polystyrene microspheres, and 1-µm diameter polystyrene microspheres. A 946 L hot tub with interchangeable sand, cartridge, and precoat filters was used at room temperature for this research. Simulated pool water for each experiment was created from Charlotte, NC (USA) tap water supplemented with alkalinity, hardness, chlorine, and a mixture of artificial sweat and urine. Precoat (i.e., diatomaceous earth and perlite) filters demonstrated pathogen removal efficiencies of 2.3 to 4.4 log (or 99.4–99.996%). However, sand and cartridge filters had average Cryptosporidium removals of 0.19 log (36%) or less. The combined low filter removal efficiencies of sand and cartridge filters along with the chlorine-resistant properties of Cryptosporidium oocysts could indicate a regulatory gap warranting further attention and having significant implications on the protection of public health in recreational water facilities. The 5-µm microspheres were a good surrogate for Cryptosporidium oocysts in this study and hold promise for use in future research projects, field trials, and/or product testing on swimming pool filters.

scholarly journals Kenaf Fibre Reinforced Polypropylene Composites: Effect of Cyclic Immersion on Tensile Properties

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Haniffah ◽  
S. M. Sapuan ◽  
K. Abdan ◽  
M. Khalid ◽  
M. Hasan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Polypropylene Composites ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Kenaf Fibre ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Number Of Cycles

This research studied the degradation of tensile properties of kenaf fibre reinforced polypropylene composites due to cyclic immersion into two different solutions, as well as comparison of the developed composites’ tensile properties under continuous and cyclic immersion. Composites with 40% and 60% fibre loadings were immersed in tap water and bleach for 4 cycles. Each cycle consisted of 3 days of immersion and 4 days of conditioning in room temperature (28°C and 55% humidity). The tensile strength and modulus of composites were affected by fibre composition, type of liquid of immersion, and number of cycles. The number of immersion cycles and conditioning caused degradation to tensile strength and modulus of kenaf fibre reinforced polypropylene composites. Continuous and cyclic immersion in bleach caused tensile strength of the composites to differ significantly whereas, for tensile modulus, the difference was insignificant in any immersion and fibre loadings. However, continuous immersion in the bleach reduced the tensile strength of composites more compared to cyclic immersion. These preliminary results suggest further evaluation of the suitability of kenaf fibre reinforced polypropylene composites for potential bathroom application where the composites will be exposed to water/liquid in cyclic manner due to discontinuous usage of bathroom.

Anaerobic Waste Water Treatment in a Carrier Assisted Sludge Bed Reactor

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 233-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Martensson ◽  
B Frostell
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Industry Waste ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mechanical Mixer

A 40 1 tank reactor, filled to 3 % (v·v−1) with a small size (5-25µm) carrier material and equipped with a mechanical mixer, was used to create a sludge bed system for anaerobic waste water treatment. Solids leaving the tank with the effluent were recycled to the tank from an external settler. Two different substrates were used, fodder molasses diluted with tap water and beet sugar factory waste water. Influent concentrations were 9.3 g COD·1−1 and 4-7 g COD·1−1 respectively, and treatment was performed at 35-37 °C. With the synthetic molasses waste water, an organic load of 5-6 kg COD·m−3·d−1 could be tolerated, with the sugar industry waste water 25 kg COD·m−3·d−1. The difference in loading capacity was ascribed to different types of sludges formed, the molasses waste water resulting in a much more bulky sludge and a lower attainable volatile suspended solids concentration. It was concluded that much care must be exercised before designing sludge bed systems for high loads with unhydrolyzed waste waters.

On-site treatment of domestic wastewater using a small-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Gikas ◽  
V. A. Tsihrintzis
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Statistical Testing ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Horizontal Subsurface Flow

A small-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland, located in North Greece, was designed and constructed to treat wastewater from a single-family residence. A three-year monitoring program was undertaken to evaluate the performance of this system. The monitoring campaigns were organized every 7 days. Water quality samples were collected at the inlet, at intermediate points (i.e. at the end of each treatment stage) and at the outlet of the system. Temperature, electrical conductivity, pH and DO were measured in-situ with the use of appropriate instruments at the same points of water sample collection. Water samples were analyzed for BOD, COD, TKN, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, total phosphorus (TP), ortho-phosphate (OP), total suspended solids (TSS) and total coliforms (TC). Mean removal efficiencies for the monitoring period were: 86.5% for BOD, 84.6% for COD, 83.7% for TKN, 82.2% for ammonia, 63.1% for OP, 63.3% for TP, 79.3% for TSS and 99.9% for TC. Furthermore, based on statistical testing, TKN, ammonia and TP removal efficiencies showed dependence on temperature. The paper presents facility description, study details and monitoring results. The study shows that the use of constructed wetlands in wastewater treatment is a good option for single-family residences in rural areas.

Effect of reflux ratio on COD and nitrogen removals from coke plant wastewaters

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 3017-3025 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. L. Shi ◽  
X. B. Hu ◽  
Z. Wang ◽  
L. L. Ding ◽  
H. Q. Ren
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Coke Plant ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Reflux Ratio ◽  
Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Moving Bed ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

A laboratory-scale anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic-moving bed biofilm reactor (A1-A2-O-MBBR) system was undertaken to treat coke plant wastewaters from two different factories (wastewater A and B). Wastewater B had higher BOD5/COD ratio and COD/TN ratio than wastewater A. The effects of reflux ratios on COD, TN and NH3-N removals were studied. Results indicated that, with the reflux ratio increased from 2 to 5, COD removals of wastewater A and wastewater B increased from 57.4% to 72.6% and 78.2% to 88.6%, respectively. Meanwhile, TN removals were also increased accompanying reflux ratio rise, from 53.1% to 74.4% for wastewater A and 64.2% to 83.5% for wastewater B. At the same reflux ratio, compared with wastewater A, higher COD and TN removal efficiencies were observed in wastewater B, which had higher BOD5/COD and COD/TN ratio. Reflux ratio had no significant influence on NH3-N removal; 99.0% of the overall NH3-N removal efficiency was achieved by the system for both coke plant wastewaters at any tested reflux ratio. MBBR was effective in NH3-N removal, and about 95% of the NH3-N was removed in the MBBR.

scholarly journals Removal of dimethylphenols and ammonium in laboratory-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 1224-1233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana Schultze-Nobre ◽  
Arndt Wiessner ◽  
Cindy Bartsch ◽  
Heidrun Paschke ◽  
Alexandros I. Stefanakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Horizontal Subsurface Flow ◽  
Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands

Removal of ammonium from human urine through ion exchange with clinoptilolite and its recovery for further reuse

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 149-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Beler-Baykal ◽  
S. Bayram ◽  
E. Akkaymak ◽  
S. Cinar
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Human Urine ◽  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Surface Concentration ◽  
Subsequent Treatment ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Subsequent Elution ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

Ammonium, from separately collected human urine, had been removed through transfer onto the ammonium selective natural zeolite, clinoptilolite, through ion exchange. In the subsequent treatment steps of washing with tap water, ammonium removed from urine was eluted from the surface of the clinoptilolite to be recovered for further reuse. Different quantities of clinoptilolite were used for a survey of the capacity of the zeolite for the process and to identify removal efficiencies based on initial ammonium loads. The highest surface concentration attained under experimental conditions employed was 15.44 mg ammonium per gram of clinoptilolite for an initial concentration of 110 mg ammonia per litre, and the highest removal was 98%, obtained for a loading of 1 mg ammonium per gram clinoptilolite. In the subsequent elution process, better removals were observed as pH was increased and the highest removal was attained at pH 13. The recovery was calculated as 9.73 mg ammonium per gram of clinoptilolite, corresponding to an efficiency of 63% only through washing with tap water. The results have given positive indications for the possibility of using ion exchange with clinoptilolite for the removal of ammonium from human urine and an incentive for improving methods of elution for its recovery for further reuse.

scholarly journals Time plots, trends and seasonal growth/ decay of Cr removal in vertical subsurface flow sewage treatment wetland

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Celestin Defo 1 ◽  
Ravinder Kaur 2
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Seasonal Growth ◽  
Treatment Wetland ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Adsorption Processes ◽  
The Media ◽  
Wastewater Samples

The present research work aimed at analysing the time series and estimation of seasonal growth/ decay of heavy metals dynamics in the vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands (VSSFCWs) planted with Typha, Phragmites, Vaccha, Arundo and Vetiver on gravel media. Monthly plant and wastewater samples were collected for 15 months from the VSSF CWs. Plant and water samples were pre-treated in the laboratory, digested using diacid and their heavy metal concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer after filtration. The Main results indicated that the maximum uptakes of metals by plant occurred in summer while the minimum plant uptakes were recorded in winter, regardless of metal concentrations applied and the trends showed a slightly stable profile irrespectively to the level of concentration applied. For the adsorption processes of Cr in the media (gravel) of the constructed wetlands, it appeared that this process was not significantly changing as function of time, except for Cr 1.5 ppm.

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