scholarly journals Removal of Cryptosporidium and polystyrene microspheres from swimming pool water with sand, cartridge, and precoat filters

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Amburgey ◽  
Kimberly J. Walsh ◽  
Roy R. Fielding ◽  
Michael J. Arrowood
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Recreational Water ◽  
Polystyrene Microspheres ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

Cryptosporidium has caused the majority of waterborne disease outbreaks in treated recreational water venues in the USA for many years running. This research project evaluated some common US swimming pool filters for removing Cryptosporidium oocysts, 5-µm diameter polystyrene microspheres, and 1-µm diameter polystyrene microspheres. A 946 L hot tub with interchangeable sand, cartridge, and precoat filters was used at room temperature for this research. Simulated pool water for each experiment was created from Charlotte, NC (USA) tap water supplemented with alkalinity, hardness, chlorine, and a mixture of artificial sweat and urine. Precoat (i.e., diatomaceous earth and perlite) filters demonstrated pathogen removal efficiencies of 2.3 to 4.4 log (or 99.4–99.996%). However, sand and cartridge filters had average Cryptosporidium removals of 0.19 log (36%) or less. The combined low filter removal efficiencies of sand and cartridge filters along with the chlorine-resistant properties of Cryptosporidium oocysts could indicate a regulatory gap warranting further attention and having significant implications on the protection of public health in recreational water facilities. The 5-µm microspheres were a good surrogate for Cryptosporidium oocysts in this study and hold promise for use in future research projects, field trials, and/or product testing on swimming pool filters.

scholarly journals Disposable swim diaper retention of Cryptosporidium-sized particles on human subjects in a recreational water setting

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Amburgey ◽  
J. Brian Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Human Subject ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
Recreational Water ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Polystyrene Microspheres ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
The Usa

Cryptosporidium is a chlorine-resistant protozoan parasite responsible for the majority of waterborne disease outbreaks in recreational water venues in the USA. Swim diapers are commonly used by diaper-aged children participating in aquatic activities. This research was intended to evaluate disposable swim diapers for retaining 5-μm diameter polystyrene microspheres, which were used as non-infectious surrogates for Cryptosporidium oocysts. A hot tub recirculating water without a filter was used for this research. The microsphere concentration in the water was monitored at regular intervals following introduction of microspheres inside of a swim diaper while a human subject undertook normal swim/play activities. Microsphere concentrations in the bulk water showed that the majority (50–97%) of Cryptosporidium-sized particles were released from the swim diaper within 1 to 5 min regardless of the swim diaper type or configuration. After only 10 min of play, 77–100% of the microspheres had been released from all swim diapers tested. This research suggests that the swim diapers commonly used by diaper-aged children in swimming pools and other aquatic activities are of limited value in retaining Cryptosporidium-sized particles. Improved swim diaper solutions are necessary to efficiently retain pathogens and effectively safeguard public health in recreational water venues.

scholarly journals Validation of Questionnaire Methods to Quantify Recreational Water Ingestion

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 2435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Suppes ◽  
Kacey Ernst ◽  
Leif Abrell ◽  
Kelly Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Cyanuric Acid ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Recreational Water ◽  
Tracer Method ◽  
Response Options ◽  
Water Ingestion ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Chemical Tracer ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
Validation Of Questionnaire

Swimming pool water ingestion volumes are necessary for assessing infection risk from swimming. Pool water ingestion volumes can be estimated by questionnaire or measuring a chemical tracer in swimmer urine. Questionnaires are often preferred to the chemical tracer method because surveys are less time consuming, but no research exists validating questionnaires accurately quantify pool water ingestion volumes. The objective of this study was to explore if questionnaires are a reliable tool for collecting pool water ingestion volumes. A questionnaire was issued at four pool sites in Tucson, Arizona to 46 swimmers who also submitted a urine sample for analyzing cyanuric acid, a chemical tracer. Perceived ingestion volumes reported on the questionnaire were compared with pool water ingestion volumes, quantified by analyzing cyanuric acid in swimmer urine. Swimmers were asked if they swallowed (1) no water or only a few drops, (2) one to two mouthfuls, (3) three to five mouthfuls, or (4) six to eight mouthfuls. One mouthful is the equivalent of 27 mL of water. The majority (81%) of swimmers ingested <27 mL of pool water but reported ingesting >27 mL (“one mouthful”) on the questionnaire. More than half (52%) of swimmers overestimated their ingestion volume. These findings suggest swimmers are over-estimating pool water ingestion because they perceive one mouthful is <27 mL. The questionnaire did not reliably collect pool water ingestion volumes and should be improved for future exposure assessment studies. Images of the ingestion volume categories should be included on the questionnaire to help swimmers visualize the response options.

Disinfection by-products and microbial contamination in the treatment of pool water with granular activated carbon

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 71-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Uhl ◽  
C. Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Filter Bed

For swimming pools, it is generally agreed that free chlorine levels have to be maintained to guarantee adequate disinfection. Recommended free chlorine levels can vary between 0.3 and 0.6mg/L in Germany and up to 3mg/L in other countries. Bathers introduce considerable amounts of organic matter, mainly in the form of such as urine and sweat, into the pool water. As a consequence, disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are formed. Regulations in Germany recommend levels of combined chlorine of less than 0.2mg/L and levels of trihalomethanes (THMs) of less than 20μg/L. Haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), chloropicrin and chloral hydrate are also detected in considerable amounts. However, these compounds are not regulated yet. Swimming pool staff and swimmers, especially athletes, are primarily exposed to these byproducts by inhalation and/or dermal uptake. In Germany, new regulations for swimming pool water treatment generally require the use of activated carbon. In this project, three different types of granular activated carbon (GAC) (one standard GAC, two catalytic GACs) are compared for their long time behaviour in pool water treatment. In a pilot plant operated with real swimming pool water, production and removal of disinfection byproducts (THMs, HAAs, AOXs), of biodegradable substances (AOC), of bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella, coliforms, HPC) as well as the removal of chlorine and chloramines are monitored as function of GAC bed depth. Combined chlorine penetrates deeper in the filter bed than free chlorine does. However, both, free and combined chlorine removal efficiencies decrease over the time of filter operation. The decreases of removal efficiencies are also observed for parameters such as dissolved organic carbon, spectral absorption coefficient, adsorbable organic carbon and most of the disinfection byproducts. However, THMs, especially chloroform are produced in the filter bed. The GAC beds were contaminated microbially, especially with P. aeruginosa. The contamination was not removable by backwashing with chlorine concentrations up to 2mg/l free chlorine.

scholarly journals Cancer Risk Assessment of Trihalomethanes Exposure in Tap and Swimming Pool Water in Kuantan Hotel

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
M.E.S. Marekan ◽  
A.A. Suhaimi ◽  
N.M. Hussin ◽  
R.A. Romzay
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Cancer Risk Assessment ◽  
Acceptable Risk ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

Chlorination is a common disinfection method for tap and swimming pool water as it is the most effective and low-cost method compared with others. The purpose of the study was to assess cancer risk of THMs exposure in tap and swimming pool water in Kuantan hotels. Temperature and pH were analyzed as an in-situ measurement while the rest of the parameters were analyzed in the laboratory. The concentration of four forms of THMs in tap and swimming pool water analyzed from Hotel X are 1.23ug/L and 1.35ug/L for CHCl3 respectively and none for the CHCl2Br, CHClBr2 and CHBr3. The concentration of four forms of THMs in tap and swimming pool water at Hotel Y are 1.25ug/L and 1.18ug/L respectively for CHCl3 and none for the CHCl2Br, CHClBr2 and CHBr3. The cancer risk from exposure to THMs at Hotel X are 1.6 x 10- 5 for tap water, 1.9 x 10-5 for swimming pool water and 2.0 x 10-4 for both tap and swimming pool water while cancer risk from exposure to THMs at Hotel Y are 1.7 x 10-5 for tap water, 1.6 x 10-5 for swimming pool water and 1.19 x 10-4 for both tap and swimming pool water.Thus, it shows that, it is in range of acceptable risk.

scholarly journals Evaluating trihalomethanes in tap water and swimming pool water at Ho Chi Minh city

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 236-245
Author(s):  
Phu Ly Sy Nguyen ◽  
Tien Hoang Thuy Le ◽  
Long Chau Kim ◽  
Hien Thi To
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Ho Chi Minh City ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

Trihalomethanes (THMs) are byproducts of the process of disinfecting water with chlorine, in which, 4 compounds are most interested such as chloroform (CF), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM) and bromoform (BF). These DBPs even at very low concentrations pose harmful health effects. These health risks may include cancers, reproductive disorders, birth defects and miscarriage. This study evaluates the 4 THMs in water supplied at 6 districts of Ho Chi Minh City and in swimming pool water at Tan Binh district. All samples were extracted by using liquid- liquid extraction method with n-hexane: diisopropylether (1:1) before analyzing by GC-ECD. The results showed that 4/4 THMs were found in water samples and 2/4 THMs (chloroform and bromodichloromethane) were found in swimming pool water samples. The results showed that there are differences in the THMs levels between sampling site. The average concentration of THMs in supplied water was 31.40 ±29.23 μg.L-1 (20 – 110 μg.L-1), in swimming pool water was 109.78 ± 15.21 μg.L-1 (90 – 140 μg.L-1). The sampling site which has the highest average concentration is Tan Phu district (102.45 ± 16.0 μg.L-1) and the lowest is district 1 (23.74 ± 1.92 μg.L-1). The results showed that the concentration of THMs in the supplied water and swimming pool water does not exceed the limit of national technical regulation on drinking water quality (QCVN 01: 2009/BYT), however, the chloroform concentration of some sampling sites exceeds the limit given by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

scholarly journals The effect of saline on the eye irritation caused by swimming-pool water

1973 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ragnar Rylander ◽  
Katarina Victorin ◽  
Stefan Sörensen
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
The Other ◽  
Eye Irritation ◽  
Swimming Time ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

SUMMARYIn laboratory experiments the acute eye irritation produced by exposure to tap water was not significantly increased when chlorine compounds were added to the water at concentrations of 1 mg./l. The greatest irritation was produced by 2 mg. Cl2/1. as NH2C1. The addition of NaCl at concentrations above about 0·5% abolished the irritant effect of tap water, and prevented irritation even when 1 mg. Cl2/1. was present.In a field experiment involving two swimming baths, one with fresh and the other with saline water (0·5 % NaCl), eye irritation in the saline bath was significantly lower than in the freshwater bath only when the swimming time did not exceed 30 min.

Review of swimming-associated cryptosporidiosis and Cryptosporidium oocysts removals from swimming pools

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Lu ◽  
Tao Yuan ◽  
Qiyan Feng ◽  
Aiqin Xu ◽  
Jiayuan Li
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

In this paper, outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis in swimming pools in the last 20 years are summarized. Cryptosporidium oocysts are very resistant to many disinfectants, including chlorine, one of the most widely-used disinfectants in swimming pools. Ozone or UV is shown to inactivate Cryptosporidium, while not effective to newly introduced Cryptosporidium and bacteria because of no residual ozone or UV in the treated swimming pool water. Additionally, swimming pool sand filters or cartridge filters are not able to effectively remove Cryptosporidium (removal rate &lt;50%). Above 99% Cryptosporidium removals are achieved in drinking water treatment, but swimming pool water treatment is different from drinking water treatment: no coagulation is performed prior to filtration in most US swimming pools, filtration rate is four to five times higher for swimming pool water treatment compared with drinking water treatment, and the input compounds and microorganisms from bathers continuously recirculate in the swimming pool. Moreover, up-to-date Cryptosporidium or Cryptosporidium surrogate removals from swimming pools are discussed, and alternative swimming pool treatment techniques are reviewed.

scholarly journals ISOLASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI FUNGI PATOGEN DI KOLAM RENANG KOTA TANGERANG

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-203
Author(s):  
Makhabbah Jamilatun Jamilatun ◽  
Aminah Aminah Aminah
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Public Facility ◽  
Candida Sp ◽  
Penicillium Sp ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Trichoderma Sp ◽  
Aspergillus Sp ◽  
Mold And Yeast

Swimming pool is a public facility that can be used as for recreation and exercise purposes. But the water quality is often left unknown. This research was aimed to isolate and identify the pathogenic fungi from the swimming pool in Tangerang City. It was a descriptive research with laboratory tests. The population in the study was the environment of Tangerang City swimming pool. Samples were taken by purposive sampling at several points of the pool, i.e. the pool water, tap water, shower room water, poolside, toilet wall and floor, and changing room. The results indicated that there was pathogenic fungi contamination in Tangerang City swimming pool. The pathogenic fungi were identified as mold and yeast, found in the swimming pool water: Aspergillus sp., Trichophyton sp.; shower room water: Penicillium sp., Mucor sp.; poolside: Penicillium sp.; toilet wall and floor:Mucor sp., Candida sp.; and changing room: Penicillium sp, Trichoderma sp, Candida sp. The presence of pathogenic fungi in this pool might be caused by contamination of fungal airborne spore, pool users, birds or cats droppings, as well as the temperature and humidity factors that support fungi growth.

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